Christian Glossary
Technical and unique terms specific to Christian theology. 283 terms.
A
Abba
A term of endearment and intimate address used for God, meaning "Father" or "Daddy." The word Abba is of Aramaic origin and was used by Jesus to refer to God, expressing a close, personal relationship with the Heavenly Father. It conveys both the reverence due to God and the deep, childlike trust and affection that believers are encouraged to have for their Creator. This term reflects a relational and affectionate bond with God, it also emphasizes the concept of believers being children of God, and it points to the deep, trusting relationship that Christ demonstrated with His Father, which believers are invited to share.
Abide
Abide refers to the act of remaining faithfully connected to God, living in a close, continuous relationship with Him. It often implies dwelling or staying in God's presence, holding firm in faith, and aligning one's life with God's will. This concept is rooted in Jesus' teaching in John 15:4-5, where He instructs believers to "abide in Me, and I in you," emphasizing the importance of an ongoing, intimate connection with Him that bears spiritual fruit.
Absolution
The formal forgiveness of sins granted by God, often pronounced by a priest or minister as part of the sacrament of confession. It is the declaration of God's pardon, absolving the penitent (repentant person) from the guilt of their sins, based on their sincere repentance and faith in Jesus Christ. Absolution is seen as a means of restoring the individual to a right relationship with God and the Church.
Advent
The period of four weeks leading up to Christmas, observed as a time of expectant waiting and preparation for the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. Advent begins on the Sunday closest to November 30 (the feast day of St. Andrew) and ends on Christmas Eve. It marks the start of the Christian liturgical year in many denominations, including Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant traditions.
Advent is a season of reflection, prayer, and anticipation, as Christians prepare their hearts for the arrival of Christ. Traditionally, it involves the use of an Advent calendar or Advent wreath, with four candles representing the themes of hope, peace, joy, and love, which are lit on each successive Sunday of the season. The color purple or violet is often used in Advent to symbolize repentance and reflection, while pink (on the third Sunday) signifies joy in the anticipation of Christ’s coming. Advent also encourages Christians to look forward to Christ's second coming at the end of time.
Agape (ἀγάπη)
Agape love is a selfless, unconditional love that goes beyond feelings or attraction. In Christianity, it's the highest form of love, reflecting God's love for humanity. Agape is sacrificial, seeking the well-being of others without expecting anything in return, and is often demonstrated through acts of kindness, compassion, and forgiveness.
Agnostic
Agnostic refers to someone who believes that the existence of God or the divine is unknown or unknowable. Rather than denying or affirming God's existence, agnostics hold that it's impossible to have certain knowledge about spiritual matters. They tend to remain open to the possibility of the divine but emphasize that human understanding is limited.
Amen
Amen is a word used to express agreement, affirmation, or approval, often at the end of prayers or statements in Christian worship. It means "so be it" or "truly," showing a shared belief in what has been said. In Scripture, it is used to emphasize trust in God's will and to confirm the truth of a statement.
Angel
An angel is a spiritual being created by God, often acting as a messenger, guide, or protector in Christian belief. Angels serve various roles in the Bible, from delivering God's messages to offering protection. There are different types of angels, including archangels like Michael, who lead and defend, seraphim, who worship God around His throne, and cherubim, who guard sacred spaces. Each type of angel has a unique purpose in serving God and fulfilling His will.
Anoint / Anointed
Anointed refers to someone or something that has been specially chosen, blessed, or set apart by God for a particular purpose. In the Bible, anointing often involved pouring oil on a person as a sign of God's blessing or appointment, such as with kings or prophets. It symbolizes being empowered by the Holy Spirit for a specific task or mission, often associated with leadership, healing, or divine favor.
Antichrist
The Antichrist is a figure in Christian eschatology who is seen as the ultimate opponent of Christ and God's people. Described in the Bible as a deceiver who will rise in the end times, the Antichrist seeks to mislead people away from faith in God. This figure is often associated with great power and influence, opposing Christ's teachings and leading a final rebellion against God before being defeated at the Second Coming of Christ.
Apocalypse
Apocalypse refers to the complete and final revelation of God's plan for the world, often involving the end of the current age. In Christian belief, it signifies the events leading up to the end times, including the return of Christ, judgment, and the establishment of a new heaven and earth. The word "apocalypse" also means "unveiling" or "revelation," and is associated with dramatic, transformative events that reveal God's ultimate victory over evil.
Apologetics
Apologetics is the branch of Christian theology focused on defending and explaining the faith. It involves providing reasoned arguments to support Christian beliefs, answering objections, and clarifying misunderstandings about the Bible, Jesus, and doctrine. Apologetics aims to help believers strengthen their faith and to engage non-believers in thoughtful discussions about Christianity.
Apostles
Apostles are key figures in early Christianity who were chosen and sent by Jesus to spread His teachings and establish the Church. The term specifically refers to the original twelve disciples whom Jesus selected, as well as a few others like Paul, who were later recognized for their significant role in spreading the Gospel. Apostles were given special authority and responsibility to teach, heal, and guide the early Christian communities.
Apostasy
Apostasy is the act of renouncing or abandoning one's faith or religious beliefs. In Christianity, it refers to a complete departure from Christian teachings and practices, often involving a deliberate rejection of faith after having once embraced it. Apostasy is viewed as a serious and troubling departure from the truth and commitment to God, often associated with a loss of spiritual integrity or devotion.
Apostolic
Apostolic refers to anything related to the apostles or their teachings. In Christianity, it often describes practices, doctrines, or structures that are derived from or inspired by the original apostles of Jesus. For example, the apostolic tradition includes the teachings and practices handed down from the apostles, while apostolic churches emphasize a direct connection to the early Church's teachings and authority. The term also highlights the importance of maintaining continuity with the foundational aspects of Christian faith and practice.
Ark of the Covenant
The Ark of the Covenant is a sacred chest described in the Bible that held the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments, along with other important religious items. It was built according to God's instructions and served as a symbol of His presence and covenant with the Israelites. The Ark was housed in the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle and later in the Temple in Jerusalem. It played a central role in the worship and spiritual life of ancient Israel, representing God's divine guidance and promise to His people.
Armenism
Arminianism is a theological perspective within Christianity that emphasizes human free will and the belief that individuals have the ability to choose or reject salvation. Named after Jacobus Arminius, a 17th-century Dutch theologian, it contrasts with the doctrine of predestination. Arminianism teaches that God's grace is available to all and that people can respond to or resist this grace, thus playing a role in their own salvation. This view supports the idea that God's sovereignty and human responsibility coexist in the process of salvation.
Ascension
Ascension refers to the event in Christian belief where Jesus Christ rose into heaven forty days after His resurrection. This event marks the end of His earthly ministry and signifies His return to God the Father. The Ascension is seen as a key moment in Jesus' divine mission, demonstrating His exaltation and the promise of His eventual return. It is celebrated in the Christian liturgical calendar as the Feast of the Ascension, reflecting on Christ’s glory and the beginning of His role as intercessor for believers.
Assurance
Assurance in Christian faith refers to the confidence and certainty that believers have in their salvation and relationship with God. It is the inner conviction that one is secure in God's promises and grace. This assurance comes from trusting in God's Word, His faithfulness, and the work of Jesus Christ. It helps believers remain steadfast and comforted in their faith, knowing that their salvation is guaranteed by God's eternal love and truth.
Atheist
An atheist is someone who does not believe in the existence of God or any deities. Atheism involves the rejection or absence of religious beliefs and is often based on a lack of evidence for the existence of gods or a belief in naturalistic explanations for the universe. Atheists may hold a variety of philosophical or ethical views but generally do not adhere to religious doctrines or practices.
Atone
To atone means to make amends or reparations for a wrong or sin. In Christian theology, atonement specifically refers to the process by which Jesus Christ’s sacrifice on the cross reconciles humanity with God. This act is believed to remove the guilt of sin and restore the relationship between God and believers. Atonement involves both seeking forgiveness and making things right through repentance and faith in Jesus’ redemptive work.
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Backsliding
Backsliding refers to the process of falling away or reverting to previous sinful behaviors or attitudes after having made a commitment to follow Christian teachings. It often involves a decline in spiritual growth and a return to old habits or doubts. In Christian contexts, backsliding is seen as a spiritual setback that requires repentance and renewed commitment to faith and righteous living.
Baptism
Baptism is a Christian sacrament of initiation and purification, typically involving the use of water. It symbolizes the believer’s faith in Jesus Christ, their repentance from sin, and their new life in the Church. Baptism is often performed through immersion, pouring, or sprinkling of water. It represents a spiritual cleansing and is seen as a public declaration of faith, marking the individual’s entry into the Christian community and their acceptance of God's grace.
Baptist
Baptist is a major Christian denomination that emphasizes the importance of believer's baptism, the idea that only those who have made a personal profession of faith in Jesus Christ should be baptized. This distinguishes Baptists from denominations that practice infant baptism. Baptists also emphasize the autonomy of the local church, the authority of the Bible, and the need for individual conversion.
Beatitude
A declaration of blessedness, often used to describe the blessings pronounced by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:3-12) and the Sermon on the Plain (Luke 6:20-23). The word "beatitude" comes from the Latin beatus, meaning "blessed" or "happy." In these teachings, Jesus pronounces spiritual blessings on those who embody specific virtues or qualities, such as humility, mercy, purity, and a thirst for righteousness.
The Beatitudes are a central part of Christian ethics, offering a vision of the kingdom of God and the values that are honored by God, which often stand in contrast to worldly values. They are seen as a guide for Christian living, emphasizing the spiritual rewards of those who endure hardship or live with a heart aligned to God's will.
The Beatitudes express the attitudes and characteristics that define a follower of Christ and promise divine favor and eternal rewards.
Begotten
Begotten refers to the process by which one being originates from another. In Christian theology, the term is most commonly used to describe Jesus Christ as the "Only Begotten Son" of God. It signifies a unique and eternal relationship between Jesus and God the Father, indicating that Jesus is of the same divine nature and essence as God. Unlike created beings, Jesus’ sonship is an eternal and intrinsic aspect of His divine identity.
Believer
A person who has faith in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior and accepts the teachings of Christianity. Believers trust in the life, death, resurrection, and ascension of Christ for the forgiveness of sins and the promise of eternal life. They are committed to following Christ’s teachings and living according to the principles of the Christian faith.
In the broader Christian context, a believer is someone who acknowledges the truth of the gospel and seeks to embody that faith in their daily life through worship, prayer, service, and moral conduct. The term is often used to describe individuals who are part of the Christian community and share in the collective belief in God's grace and salvation.
Benediction
A blessing or prayer offered at the end of a worship service or gathering, asking for God's favor, peace, and protection upon the congregation or individuals. The term benediction comes from the Latin word benedictio, meaning "a good word" or "blessing." It is a formal declaration of divine favor and is typically given by a pastor, priest, or church leader.
Bible
The Bible is a sacred text in Christianity, consisting of two main parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament includes texts shared with Judaism, such as the Torah, historical books, and prophetic writings. The New Testament contains the teachings of Jesus Christ, the story of His life, death, and resurrection, and writings about the early Church. It is regarded as the inspired Word of God and serves as a guide for faith, doctrine, and practice in Christian life.
Bishop
A bishop is a senior church leader responsible for overseeing a group of congregations or a diocese within the Christian Church. Bishops have authority to ordain clergy, administer sacraments, and provide pastoral care and guidance. They play a key role in maintaining church doctrine, governance, and discipline. In many Christian traditions, bishops are seen as successors to the apostles and serve as important spiritual leaders and administrators within the Church.
Blasphemy
Blasphemy is the act of showing disrespect or contempt toward God, sacred things, or religious beliefs. It involves speaking or behaving in a way that is considered irreverent or offensive to the divine. In Christian contexts, blasphemy can include misusing God's name, denying His power, or speaking against His attributes. It is often regarded as a serious sin because it violates the reverence and honor due to God.
Bless / Blessed / Blessing
Blessed refers to being favored or enriched by God’s grace, presence, or favor. In Christian contexts, it often describes the state of receiving spiritual or material benefits from God. Being blessed can involve experiencing divine protection, guidance, or joy, and it is also used to express gratitude for God’s generosity and kindness. The term can be applied to individuals, events, or things that are seen as endowed with divine favor or goodness.
Born Again
Born again refers to a spiritual rebirth or renewal, signifying a transformative experience in which a person embraces faith in Jesus Christ and receives new spiritual life. This concept is rooted in Jesus' teaching in John 3:3, where He explains that one must be born again to enter the Kingdom of God. Being born again involves a profound change in one's heart and mind, leading to a new relationship with God and a commitment to living according to Christian principles.
Bride
In Christian theology, the term "Bride" refers to the Church as the symbolic bride of Christ. This metaphor, drawn from passages in the New Testament such as Ephesians 5:25-27 and Revelation 19:7-9, represents the Church’s intimate, loving, and covenantal relationship with Jesus Christ. Just as a bride is united with her groom in marriage, the Church is seen as united with Christ, awaiting His return and the fulfillment of the ultimate spiritual union. This imagery highlights the Church's commitment to Christ and His sacrificial love for the Church.
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Calvinism
Calvinism is a branch of Protestant theology developed by John Calvin in the 16th century. It emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of Scripture, and the doctrine of predestination. Central to Calvinism is the belief that God has predestined some people for salvation and others for condemnation. It also teaches that human beings are inherently sinful and can only be saved through God’s grace. Calvinism is known for its distinctive doctrines, such as the "five points of Calvinism" summarized by the acronym TULIP: Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the Saints.
Canon
The official list of books that are considered to be divinely inspired and authoritative, forming the accepted scripture of the Christian Bible. The term "canon" comes from the Greek word kanon, meaning "rule" or "measuring stick," indicating the standard by which the books of the Bible are measured and recognized.
Carnal
Carnal refers to things related to physical or material aspects of life, often with an emphasis on bodily desires or pleasures. In Christian contexts, it is used to describe behaviors or attitudes that are driven by sinful nature or worldly desires, as opposed to spiritual or moral principles. Being carnal typically contrasts with being spiritual, where the focus is on living according to God’s will and pursuing spiritual growth rather than seeking gratification of physical or sinful urges.
Catechism
Catechism is a method of teaching Christian doctrine through a question-and-answer format. It is designed to instruct individuals, especially new believers or children, in the fundamental beliefs and practices of Christianity. Catechism covers core theological concepts, moral teachings, and the basics of the faith, often using a structured text or manual. It serves as a tool for religious education and formation, helping believers understand and articulate their faith.
Catholic / Catholicism
Catholic refers to both a branch of Christianity and a broader sense of universal inclusiveness. In a religious context, "Catholic" commonly refers to the Roman Catholic Church, which is the largest Christian denomination and is characterized by its traditions, doctrines, and the authority of the Pope. The term "catholic" can also mean "universal" or "all-encompassing," reflecting the belief in a global, inclusive nature of the Church and its teachings.
Charism
A special gift or grace given by the Holy Spirit to an individual for the benefit of the Church and the wider community. The term charism comes from the Greek word charisma, which means "gift" or "favor." These gifts are given to believers for the purpose of serving others, edifying the body of Christ, and furthering God's kingdom.
Charisms are often associated with the empowerment to perform specific tasks or to contribute to the spiritual growth of others. They can include a variety of spiritual gifts, such as teaching, healing, prophecy, speaking in tongues, discernment, and acts of mercy. Charisms are not earned but are freely given by the Holy Spirit to build up the Church and to fulfill God's will on earth.
Charismatic
In Christianity, "charismatic" refers to a movement or approach that emphasizes the work of the Holy Spirit, including the experience of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues, prophecy, healing, and miracles. Charismatic Christians believe that these gifts, also known as charismatic gifts or manifestations, are active today and are signs of the Holy Spirit's presence and power. The movement is characterized by vibrant worship, personal spiritual experiences, and a focus on direct, experiential encounters with God.
Christ
Christ is a title derived from the Greek word "Christos," meaning "anointed one" or "Messiah." In Christianity, it refers to Jesus of Nazareth, who is believed to be the anointed Savior and Son of God. Christians believe that Jesus Christ's life, death, and resurrection fulfill the Old Testament prophecies of the Messiah who redeems humanity from sin and offers eternal life. The term "Christ" signifies Jesus' divine role and His central place in Christian faith and theology.
Christian
A Christian is someone who follows the teachings of Jesus Christ and adheres to the beliefs of Christianity. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God, who came to Earth to offer salvation and eternal life through His life, death, and resurrection. Being a Christian involves living according to Jesus' teachings, participating in the Christian community, and embracing the core principles of faith, love, and repentance.
Christianity
Christianity is a way of life but is also viewed as a monotheistic religion based on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the Savior of humanity, whose life and sacrifice provide the means for salvation from sin and eternal life with God. Christianity teaches that faith in Jesus Christ, repentance from sin, and a personal relationship with God through the Holy Spirit are essential for salvation.
Christianity is the world’s largest religion and has a wide range of denominations, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism, and others, all sharing core beliefs in the Trinity (God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), the authority of the Bible, and the importance of living according to Jesus’ teachings.
The religion emphasizes love, grace, mercy, forgiveness, and service to others. It includes practices such as prayer, worship, reading of Scripture, baptism, and communion, which help believers grow in their faith and commitment to Christ. Christianity has had a profound influence on history, culture, and ethics worldwide.
Christology
Christology is the branch of Christian theology that focuses on the study and understanding of the person and work of Jesus Christ. It explores His nature as both fully divine and fully human, His role in salvation, and His relationship with God the Father and the Holy Spirit. Christology examines key doctrines such as the Incarnation, the Trinity, and the significance of Jesus' life, death, and resurrection within the broader context of Christian faith.
Church
The Church refers to the community of believers in Jesus Christ who gather for worship, fellowship, and spiritual growth. It can also denote a specific Christian denomination or congregation. In a broader sense, the Church is considered the Body of Christ, encompassing all Christians worldwide who are united through faith in Jesus. It serves as a place of teaching, sacraments, and mission, playing a central role in nurturing spiritual life and fulfilling the mission of spreading the Gospel.
Circumcision
In Christian theology, circumcision originally referred to the Jewish practice of removing the foreskin of male infants as a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants. In the New Testament, it becomes a significant topic in the context of the early Church's debate over whether Gentile converts to Christianity should follow Jewish laws. The Apostle Paul argued that physical circumcision was not necessary for salvation, emphasizing that faith in Jesus Christ, rather than adherence to Jewish law, is what brings salvation. Thus, circumcision in Christian theology is often seen as symbolic of the broader concept of spiritual transformation and covenantal relationship with God.
Clairvoyance / Clairvoyant
Clairvoyance refers to the claimed ability to gain information about an object, person, location, or physical event through means other than the known human senses. It is often associated with supernatural or extrasensory perception (ESP).
The term comes from the French words clair (clear) and voyance (vision), meaning "clear seeing." People who claim to have this ability, called clairvoyants, often report perceiving visions, images, or knowledge about things that are hidden, distant, or in the future.
Clairvoyance is commonly linked to practices like spiritualism, psychic readings, or divination, though it is not scientifically validated.
Commandment
A commandment is a divine instruction or law given by God, often associated with moral or religious obligations. In Christianity, the term is most commonly linked to the Ten Commandments, which were given to Moses on Mount Sinai and serve as foundational ethical guidelines for believers. These commandments cover key aspects of human behavior, such as honoring God, respecting others, and living justly. In a broader sense, commandments refer to any teachings or directives from God that guide the moral and spiritual lives of Christians.
Communion aka Holy Communion
Communion, also known as the Lord’s Supper or the Eucharist, is a Christian sacrament that commemorates Jesus Christ’s Last Supper with His disciples. It involves the consumption of bread and wine (or grape juice), which symbolize the body and blood of Christ sacrificed for humanity's sins. Communion serves as a reminder of Jesus’ sacrifice, His death and resurrection, and the believer's union with Him and with the Christian community. It is a central act of worship in many Christian traditions, symbolizing spiritual nourishment and a deep connection with Christ.
Compassion
Compassion in Christian theology refers to the deep sympathy and concern for the suffering or misfortune of others, accompanied by a desire to help. It is a key virtue in the teachings of Jesus, who demonstrated compassion through acts of healing, forgiveness, and kindness. Christians are called to show compassion by caring for the poor, the sick, and the marginalized, reflecting God's love for humanity. Compassion is seen as both an emotional response and an action of mercy, embodying the call to love others as Christ loved.
Confession
Confession in Christian theology refers to the act of admitting and repenting of sins before God, often accompanied by seeking forgiveness. In some traditions, confession is made privately to a priest, while in others, it may be a personal prayer or public declaration of faith. It is seen as a vital part of spiritual life, allowing believers to acknowledge their wrongdoings, receive God's grace, and restore their relationship with Him. Confession also includes professing faith in Jesus Christ as Lord, which is central to Christian belief and practice.
Conscience
The inner sense of right and wrong that guides a person’s thoughts, decisions, and actions according to moral principles. In Christianity, the conscience is understood as a God-given ability to discern ethical behavior and to feel conviction about sin and righteousness. It acts as an internal moral compass that encourages believers to live in accordance with God’s will.
The conscience is often influenced by the teachings of Scripture, the Holy Spirit, and a person's upbringing and experiences. It plays a crucial role in the process of conviction, leading individuals to recognize their moral failings, seek repentance, and strive for holiness. Christians believe that, when properly attuned to God, the conscience can be a powerful guide to living a righteous life.
However, the Bible also teaches that the conscience can be seared or corrupted if ignored or hardened through persistent sin (1 Timothy 4:2). Christians are encouraged to keep their conscience clear, remaining sensitive to God's leading and responsive to the promptings of the Holy Spirit.
Consecrate / Consecrating / Consecration
The word derives from the Latin consecratus, meaning “dedicated, devoted, or sacred.” It means to dedicate something or someone formally to a sacred purpose or to make it holy. The term is often used in religious contexts to describe the act of setting apart a person, object, or place for divine service or worship. Similar to the word dedicate.
Consecrating a person: ordaining a bishop, priest, or other clergy for spiritual service.
Consecrating objects: blessing items like altars, chalices, or churches for sacred use.
Consecrating the Eucharist: in many Christian traditions, the bread and wine are consecrated during Communion to become the body and blood of Christ.
Consummation
The completion of God's redemptive plan, marked by the return of Christ, the final judgment, and the establishment of a new heaven and new earth where God’s Kingdom reigns eternally (Revelation 21:1-5). It signifies the fulfillment of God’s purposes for creation and the ultimate restoration of all things.
Conversion
Conversion in Christian theology refers to the profound change in a person’s heart and life when they turn away from sin and embrace faith in Jesus Christ. It involves a spiritual transformation, marked by repentance, acceptance of the Gospel, and a commitment to follow Christ. Conversion is often described as being "born again," signifying a new beginning in one’s relationship with God. This change can be a momentous event or a gradual process, leading to a new way of living aligned with Christian teachings.
Conviction
A deep, inner sense of certainty or assurance given by the Holy Spirit, leading a believer to recognize truth, sin, or God's will in their life. Conviction often moves a person to repentance, greater faith, or obedience to God’s Word, and serves as a vital aspect of spiritual growth. It is not merely guilt or condemnation but a loving call from God to align with His purpose and righteousness.
Covenant
A covenant in Christian theology is a sacred agreement or promise between God and His people. It is a binding relationship established by God, often accompanied by specific commitments or laws. In the Bible, key covenants include God’s promises to Noah, Abraham, and Moses, as well as the New Covenant through Jesus Christ. The New Covenant, central to Christian faith, is the promise of salvation and eternal life through Jesus' sacrifice, which brings forgiveness of sins and a restored relationship with God. Covenants emphasize God's faithfulness and His desire for a relationship with humanity.
Creation
Creation in Christian theology refers to the act by which God brought the universe and all living things into existence. According to the Bible, specifically the Book of Genesis, God created the world in six days, forming the heavens, the earth, and all life, culminating in the creation of humanity in His image. Creation reflects God’s power, wisdom, and purpose, and it serves as the foundation for understanding the world and humanity’s place in it. Christians believe that creation reveals God's glory and invites stewardship of the earth as part of the divine plan.
Creed
A creed is a formal statement of Christian beliefs that outlines core doctrines of the faith. It serves as a summary of essential teachings, often recited in worship or used as a guide for instruction. One of the most well-known creeds is the Nicene Creed, which affirms beliefs in the Trinity, the divinity of Jesus Christ, and the resurrection. Creeds help unify believers by providing a shared confession of faith and are used to clarify and protect core Christian doctrines across different traditions and denominations.
Cross
The cross is the central symbol of Christianity, representing the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and His sacrifice for the sins of humanity. In Christian belief, the cross signifies the love of God, the redemption of humanity, and the victory over sin and death through Jesus' death and resurrection. It is a powerful reminder of Jesus’ suffering and the salvation offered to believers through His sacrifice. The cross also symbolizes hope, forgiveness, and the new life that comes through faith in Christ.
Crucifixion
Crucifixion refers to the method of execution in which Jesus Christ was nailed to a cross and left to die, an event central to Christian belief. It is seen as the ultimate act of sacrifice, where Jesus willingly endured suffering and death to atone for the sins of humanity. The crucifixion is followed by His resurrection, which is celebrated as proof of His victory over sin and death. In Christian theology, the crucifixion represents God’s love and redemption, offering believers salvation and eternal life through Jesus’ sacrifice.
Cult
A cult generally refers to a group or movement that deviates from the core tenets of traditional Christian doctrine and practices, often following a charismatic leader or a unique interpretation of Scripture and there is typically manipulation and/or control of members. It is distinguished from mainstream Christian denominations by significant theological errors, often involving misrepresentations of foundational doctrines such as the nature of God, Jesus Christ, salvation, and authority.
D
Deacon
A deacon is a servant-leader within the Christian Church who assists with practical ministry and supports the needs of the congregation. In the New Testament, deacons are appointed to help with tasks such as caring for the poor, distributing resources, and assisting in worship. While their specific roles vary among different denominations, deacons are typically responsible for acts of service, pastoral care, and sometimes preaching or teaching. They work alongside pastors or priests to ensure the Church’s mission and spiritual care are carried out effectively.
Decalogue
The Decalogue, also known as the Ten Commandments, is a set of moral laws given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, as described in the Bible. These commandments form a foundational ethical guide for both Judaism and Christianity. They include directives on worshiping God, honoring parents, and moral conduct toward others, such as prohibiting murder, theft, and lying. The Decalogue is central to biblical law, serving as a summary of God’s expectations for righteous living and a covenant between God and His people.
Dedicate
To commit something or someone to a specific purpose, often in a spiritual context, like dedicating a child to God.
Demon
A demon, in Christian theology, is a malevolent spiritual being that opposes God and seeks to harm or lead humans astray. Demons are often understood as fallen angels who, led by Satan, rebelled against God and now serve evil purposes. They are associated with temptation, deception, and spiritual warfare, and are seen as influencing individuals or events in negative ways. In the New Testament, Jesus is depicted as having authority over demons, casting them out of people and freeing them from their harmful influence. Demons represent the forces of darkness in contrast to God's light and goodness.
Deliverance
Deliverance in Christian theology refers to the act of being freed from sin, evil, or spiritual oppression, often through the power of God. It can involve liberation from demonic influence, bondage to harmful behaviors, or any form of spiritual captivity. Deliverance is seen as part of salvation, where believers are rescued from the powers of darkness and brought into the light of God's kingdom through faith in Jesus Christ. It may also involve prayer and spiritual intervention to break the hold of negative forces, leading to healing, restoration, and a renewed relationship with God.
Denomination
A denomination in Christianity refers to a distinct group or branch within the broader Christian faith, characterized by its own traditions, beliefs, and practices. While all denominations share core Christian doctrines, such as belief in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, they may differ in areas like worship style, church governance, interpretation of scripture, and theology. Examples of Christian denominations include Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestant groups like Baptists, Methodists, Lutherans, Evangelists, Pentecostalists, Adventists, and several others. Despite differences, denominations typically aim to unite believers in faith and practice within their specific Christian tradition.
Depravity
Depravity, in Christian theology, refers to the moral corruption and sinful nature of humanity as a result of the Fall of Adam and Eve. It is often linked to the doctrine of original sin, which teaches that all people are born with an inclination toward sin and are spiritually separated from God. Total depravity, a key concept in Calvinism, suggests that every aspect of human nature is tainted by sin, making humans incapable of choosing God or doing good on their own without divine grace. Depravity highlights the need for God's saving work through Jesus Christ to restore humanity.
Devil
The devil, in Christian theology, refers to a fallen angel named Satan who opposes God and seeks to lead humanity into sin and rebellion. Depicted as the embodiment of evil, the devil is believed to deceive, tempt, and accuse humans in an effort to distance them from God. He plays a significant role in spiritual warfare, acting as the chief adversary of God and His people. In the Bible, the devil’s ultimate defeat is prophesied, with the promise that God will triumph over evil and bring about eternal justice.
Also see Lucifer and Satan
Devote
To commit oneself wholly to a divine cause or service, conveying a sense of spiritual dedication.
Diocese
A diocese is a geographic district or region within certain Christian denominations, particularly within the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and some Protestant churches. It is overseen by a bishop or archbishop who is responsible for the spiritual and administrative affairs of that area.
In a diocese, the bishop supervises local churches, supports clergy, and provides pastoral care to the congregation. The diocese typically includes multiple parishes or congregations, each with its own local church and clergy. The structure of dioceses helps organize and manage church activities, ensuring that the needs of the local Christian community are met and that church doctrine and practices are consistently applied.
Discernment
Discernment in Christian theology refers to the ability to perceive and understand spiritual truths and moral decisions with clarity and wisdom. It involves distinguishing between right and wrong, truth and falsehood, and recognizing the presence and guidance of the Holy Spirit in one's life. Discernment is often associated with spiritual insight, moral judgement, testing spirits, and guidance in decision-making. Overall, discernment is seen as a vital spiritual gift that helps believers navigate their faith journey, make informed choices, and grow in their relationship with God.
Disciple / Discipleship
A disciple is a follower or student of a teacher, leader, or philosopher, particularly in a religious context. In Christianity, the term primarily refers to someone who follows Jesus Christ and adheres to His teachings.
Dispensation
1) In Christian theology, "dispensation" refers to a specific period or way in which God interacts with humanity, often defined by distinct divine principles, instructions, or covenants. The term is most commonly associated with dispensationalism, a theological framework that divides biblical history into different eras or "dispensations." In each dispensation, God provides humanity with a unique set of expectations, tests, or ways to relate to Him, and humans are held accountable for how they respond.
Dispensationalism generally identifies seven key dispensations:
Innocence (from Creation to the Fall of Adam and Eve)
Conscience (from the Fall to Noah's Flood)
Human Government (from Noah to the call of Abraham)
Promise (from Abraham to the giving of the Law through Moses)
Law (from Moses to the death of Christ)
Grace (from the resurrection of Christ to the rapture of the Church)
Millennial Kingdom (the 1,000-year reign of Christ after His second coming)
Each dispensation emphasizes God's unfolding plan for salvation and His dealings with humanity under different conditions. Dispensationalists believe these distinct phases are critical for interpreting biblical prophecy and understanding God's plan for the end times.
2) In the Roman Catholic Church (and certain other Christian traditions), a dispensation is a relaxation or exemption granted by ecclesiastical authority (such as a bishop or the Pope) from a general law or rule of the Church. For example, a dispensation might allow a Catholic to be excused from certain fasting regulations or grant permission to marry in circumstances that normally would not be permitted under Canon Law.
Disposition
A person's inner attitude, mindset, or orientation toward God, faith, and moral living. In Christianity, disposition reflects the readiness and willingness of an individual's heart and mind to respond to God's grace, follow His commandments, and live according to His will.
Disposition is significant in shaping a believer’s relationship with God and influences how they engage in worship, participate in sacraments, and make ethical decisions. It highlights the internal state of a person, which aligns their thoughts, emotions, and actions with the teachings of Christ.
Divine
Referring to that which pertains to God, His nature, attributes, or actions. The term "divine" emphasizes the holiness, perfection, and transcendence of God, distinguishing Him from His creation. It can also describe anything that originates from or is associated with God, such as divine wisdom, love, or intervention.
In Christianity, "divine" is often used to highlight God's qualities and His interaction with the world, such as His sovereignty, omniscience, omnipresence, and omnipotence. It can also refer to Jesus Christ's divinity, affirming that He is fully God as well as fully human, as taught in Christian doctrine.
Divination
Divination is the practice of seeking to gain insight or knowledge about future events or hidden truths through supernatural means. It is often associated with various forms of predicting the future or understanding the divine will. In Christian theology, divination is generally viewed negatively because it is believed to involve attempting to access knowledge or power outside of God’s will. Popular forms of divination include but not limited to astrology, tarot card reading, numerology, palm reading, runes, pendulum and I-Ching.
Doctrine
Doctrine refers to a set of beliefs or teachings held and promoted by a religious group, organization, or individual. In Christianity, doctrine encompasses the core theological principles and teachings that define the faith and guide its practice.
Doctrine in Christianity refers to the foundational beliefs and teachings that shape the faith and practice of the Christian community, based on Scripture, tradition, and theological reflection. The key Christian doctrines include the Trinity, the incarnation, salvation, the atonement, and the church.
Dogma
Dogma refers to a set of authoritative and established beliefs or doctrines that are considered to be undeniably true within a particular religious tradition. In Christianity, dogma represents the core beliefs that are accepted as definitive and non-negotiable by the Church. Examples of Christian Dogmas include the Trinity, the Immaculate Conception, and the Assumption of Mary.
E
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy is one of the three main branches of Christianity, alongside Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. It is rooted in the early Christian tradition and is known for its deep sense of continuity with the teachings and practices of the early Church. Eastern Orthodoxy emphasizes the authority of the ecumenical councils (particularly the first seven), the importance of the sacraments, and the central role of Holy Tradition alongside Scripture.
Ecumenism
The movement or principle aimed at promoting unity and cooperation among Christian denominations, with the goal of overcoming theological, doctrinal, and cultural divisions. Ecumenism emphasizes that Christians, despite their differences, are all part of the broader Christian faith and shares a commitment to working together for the common good, fostering mutual understanding, and deepening shared beliefs.
Ecclesiology
Ecclesiology is the theological study of the Church, exploring its nature, structure, mission, sacraments, and role in the believer's life and the world. It addresses how the Church functions as the Body of Christ, its leadership and governance, the purpose of worship and sacraments, and the challenge of unity among diverse Christian traditions.
Elder
An elder in Christian theology is a leader within the church who provides spiritual oversight, guidance, and governance. Rooted in the New Testament, elders are responsible for teaching, shepherding the congregation, and making key decisions regarding the church’s direction. Their role is characterized by maturity, integrity, and a commitment to helping others grow in their faith. Different Christian traditions assign varying responsibilities to elders, but their core role remains one of pastoral leadership and care.
Election
In Christian theology, election refers to God’s sovereign choice to select individuals or groups for salvation or specific purposes. It emphasizes God's grace and is a central part of the doctrine of predestination. While some traditions view election as unconditional and solely based on God's will, others see it as conditional, tied to human faith and response. The doctrine has been a source of theological debate, particularly concerning the balance between divine sovereignty and human free will.
Epistle
An epistle is a letter written by an apostle or church leader to provide instruction, encouragement, and guidance to early Christian communities. The epistles, particularly those found in the New Testament, form a crucial part of Christian doctrine and ethics, offering timeless teachings on faith, salvation, and Christian living. The Apostle Paul wrote many of the most well-known epistles, which continue to shape Christian beliefs and practices today.
Eschatology
Eschatology is the study of the end times in Christian theology, focusing on the return of Christ, the resurrection of the dead, the final judgment, and the eternal destinies of heaven and hell. It also includes views on the millennium, signs of the end, and the ultimate renewal of creation with the new heaven and new earth. Christian eschatology calls believers to live in expectation of Christ’s return and to be faithful in their walk with God until that day arrives.
Eternal Life
Eternal life in Christian theology is the everlasting, joyful existence with God that begins the moment a person believes in Jesus Christ and continues forever. It is characterized by a personal relationship with God, freedom from sin and death, and the hope of future resurrection and life in the new heaven and new earth. Eternal life is a gift of grace, given through faith in Jesus, and is the ultimate fulfillment of God’s promise to His people.
Ethics
Christian ethics are the moral principles that guide believers in living a life that honors God, rooted in Scripture and the example of Jesus Christ. At its core is the command to love God and love others, with an emphasis on virtues such as honesty, compassion, and justice. Ethical living involves discerning God's will through Scripture, prayer, and the Holy Spirit, and acting in ways that reflect God's character and values.
Eucharist
The Eucharist is a sacrament instituted by Jesus at the Last Supper, where bread and wine are shared to represent His body and blood. It commemorates Christ’s sacrifice on the cross and serves as a means of spiritual nourishment and unity for believers. Observed across Christian denominations, the Eucharist holds deep significance as an act of remembrance, thanksgiving, and communion with Christ and the Church.
Evangelical / Evangelism / Evangelicalism
Evangelicalism is a Christian movement that emphasizes the authority of the Bible, personal faith in Jesus Christ, and the importance of evangelism and sharing the gospel. Evangelicals are known for their commitment to spreading the Christian message, often through missionary work and personal outreach. With a focus on biblical truth, conversion, and living a Christ-centered life, the evangelical movement plays a significant role in modern Christianity.
Evil
In Christian theology, evil is anything that opposes God's nature and His will. It encompasses both moral evil, caused by human sin, and natural evil, such as suffering and disasters. Evil is tied to the concept of free will, the fall of humanity, and the influence of Satan, but it is also ultimately subject to God’s sovereignty. Christians believe that God will one day fully eradicate evil, bringing redemption and justice to His creation.
Exalt / Exaltation
To lift something up in a spiritual or metaphorical sense, often referring to the praise of God.
Excommunication
The formal expulsion of a member from the Christian Church due to serious and unrepentant sin or doctrinal error. It is a disciplinary action taken by the Church as a way of maintaining the integrity of the community and encouraging the individual to repent and return to fellowship with God and the Church. Excommunication is typically considered a last resort, used when other attempts at reconciliation have failed.
Exegesis
Exegesis is the critical interpretation and explanation of a biblical text. In Christian theology, it involves analyzing Scripture to understand its original meaning, context, and significance, as intended by the author. The goal of exegesis is to uncover the true message of the text, considering its historical, cultural, and literary background. The practice of exegesis is crucial for accurate Bible study, helping believers understand and apply Scripture as it was intended.
Exorcism
Exorcism is the act of expelling demons or evil spirits, grounded in the authority of Jesus Christ. It is practiced in various forms across Christian denominations, with the Roman Catholic Church having a formal rite and Protestant traditions focusing on deliverance ministry. Exorcism is part of the broader spiritual battle between good and evil, with Christ’s power and authority at the center of the victory over demonic forces.
F
Faith
Faith in Christianity is trust and belief in God, particularly in Jesus Christ for salvation. It is the foundation of a Christian’s relationship with God and the means by which they receive eternal life. True faith results in a transformed life, where good works flow naturally, and believers grow deeper in their trust in God’s promises. Through faith, Christians navigate their lives, relying on God's guidance and grace.
(the) Fall
The Fall refers to Adam and Eve's disobedience to God in the Garden of Eden, which brought sin, death, and suffering into the world. It resulted in humanity’s sinful nature and separation from God, known as original sin. The Fall explains the Christian belief in the need for salvation through Jesus Christ, who came to restore what was lost and offers redemption from sin.
Fallen Angels
Fallen angels are angels who rebelled against God and were cast out of heaven, with Satan (formerly Lucifer) being the chief among them. These angels now act as demons, opposing God’s purposes and working to lead humanity astray. Despite their influence, Christian theology teaches that fallen angels will face final judgment and eternal defeat, highlighting the triumph of good over evil.
Fasting
Fasting is a voluntary act of abstaining from food for spiritual purposes in Christianity. It is often paired with prayer and used for repentance, seeking God’s guidance, and growing in spiritual strength. While fasting is a powerful tool for deepening one’s relationship with God, it should be done sincerely and humbly, not for public recognition.
Flesh
In Christian theology, the flesh represents the fallen, sinful nature of humanity that opposes God’s Spirit. It is associated with desires and behaviors that lead away from righteousness. Christians are called to “crucify the flesh” by rejecting sinful tendencies and living by the guidance of the Holy Spirit, seeking transformation and spiritual growth.
Forgive / Forgiveness
Forgiveness is a vital act of grace. It involves pardoning others for their wrongdoings, as well as seeking God’s forgiveness for sins. Forgiveness is central to Jesus’ teachings, emphasizing that receiving and giving forgiveness are essential for spiritual health, healing, and reconciliation.
Free Will
Free will in Christian theology is the God-given ability to choose between good and evil, obedience or disobedience, and to accept or reject God’s offer of salvation. It plays a key role in human responsibility and accountability for moral decisions. While humans are free, they are also influenced by their sinful nature, and their choices are viewed in the context of God’s sovereign will.
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism in Christian theology is a movement that emphasizes a literal interpretation of the Bible, the inerrancy of Scripture, and adherence to key doctrines such as the virgin birth, resurrection, and second coming of Christ. It arose as a reaction to modernist theology and continues to influence conservative Christian thought, advocating for a strict commitment to traditional Christian beliefs and practices.
G
Gentile
The term Gentile refers to anyone who is not of Jewish descent. In the Bible, it is used to distinguish non-Jewish people from the Jewish people, often indicating nations or individuals outside of the covenant God made with Israel.
Glory / Glorify / Glorification
Glory refers to the magnificence, honor, and divine radiance of God. It encompasses God's supreme greatness and perfect holiness, often revealed through His works, presence, and nature. The Bible speaks of God’s glory as something to be praised and acknowledged, and believers are called to reflect His glory through their lives (1 Corinthians 10:31). Glory can also describe the eternal state of believers in heaven, where they will dwell in the fullness of God’s splendor and majesty.
Gnosticism
Gnosticism is a mystical and dualistic belief system that emphasizes secret knowledge as the key to salvation, rejecting many foundational Christian doctrines. Early Christian leaders condemned Gnosticism as heresy for its rejection of the physical world and denial of the true nature of Christ.
God
God in Christian theology refers to the supreme, eternal, all-powerful, and all-knowing Creator and Sustainer of the universe. Christians believe in one God who exists in three persons—Father, Son (Jesus Christ), and Holy Spirit—a concept known as the Trinity. God is seen as personal, loving, and actively involved in the world and in the lives of individuals.
God the Father
God the Father is the eternal Creator, Sovereign, and loving parent who desires a relationship with humanity. As the first person of the Holy Trinity, He is central to Christian faith, revealing His love through Jesus Christ and offering salvation to all who believe. God the Father is not only the source of all life but also the personal, caring Father of those who trust in Him.
God the Son
God the Son, Jesus is the incarnate Son of God, the Messiah who lived, died, and rose again to bring salvation to humanity. He is both fully God and fully human, and through His life, teachings, death, and resurrection, He provides the way for people to be reconciled to God. His role as the Savior is foundational to Christian faith, and His eventual return is anticipated as the fulfillment of God's eternal plan for the world.
Also see Jesus
God the Holy Spirit
God the Holy Spirit is the divine person who indwells, empowers, and transforms believers, making Him an essential part of the Christian experience. As the third person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit convicts of sin, reveals truth, gives spiritual gifts, and sanctifies believers, guiding them toward a deeper relationship with God and empowering them to live out their faith. The Holy Spirit continues Christ's work on earth, uniting and equipping the Church for its mission.
Also see Holy Spirit
Godhead
The Godhead refers to the one divine nature shared by the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit in the Holy Trinity. It highlights the unity and co-equality of the three persons, affirming that there is one God who exists eternally in three distinct persons. The Godhead is a central doctrine in Christian theology, representing the complexity and mystery of God's nature as revealed in Scripture.
Gospel
The Gospel is the central message of Christianity—the “good news” that through Jesus Christ’s life, death, and resurrection, humanity can receive forgiveness of sins and eternal life. It is a message of grace, salvation, and the coming of God’s Kingdom, inviting people to faith in Jesus and a transformed life through Him. The Gospel is foundational to Christian faith and practice.
The Gospels are also the first four books of the New Testament—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—which record the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Each Gospel provides a different perspective but together presents a full picture of Jesus' ministry and the significance of His work.
Grace
Grace is God’s unconditional love and unearned favor toward humanity. It is through grace that people receive forgiveness of sins, salvation, and the strength to live a life in alignment with God’s will. Christians believe that grace is the foundation of their relationship with God, a divine gift that cannot be earned but is freely given through Jesus Christ.
H
Hallow
To honor as holy or sacred, often used in prayer or worship (e.g., “Hallowed be Thy name”).
Heaven
Heaven is the eternal home promised to believers in Christ, where they will live forever in the presence of God, free from sin and suffering. It is a place of perfect peace, joy, and communion with God and others. The hope of heaven is central to Christian faith, representing the ultimate fulfillment of God’s promise of eternal life and redemption.
Hell
Hell is the eternal place of punishment and separation from God for those who reject His offer of salvation. It is depicted as a place of suffering, spiritual darkness, and isolation from God’s presence. The Bible teaches that hell is the consequence of unrepentant sin and rebellion against God, and it serves as a final judgment for those who reject Christ. Hell represents the gravity of choosing to live apart from God’s grace and mercy.
Hermeneutics
Hermeneutics is the art and science of interpreting the Bible, focusing on understanding the text in its original context and applying its meaning to today. By carefully analyzing Scripture’s historical, cultural, and literary aspects, hermeneutics helps believers uncover the deeper truths of the Bible and avoid misinterpretation. It is foundational for sound doctrine, teaching, and spiritual growth.
Heresy / Heretic
Heresy is the rejection or distortion of essential Christian teachings. It represents a serious deviation from orthodox beliefs, often leading to division and spiritual harm within the Church. Heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, and Pelagianism have challenged the core doctrines of Christianity, but the Church has historically responded by affirming sound doctrine and preserving the faith. Heresy is seen as a threat to the truth of the Gospel and the unity of the Christian community.
High Priest
The high priest in Christianity has its roots in the Old Testament, where the high priest served as the primary religious leader, interceding between God and the people. In the New Testament, Jesus Christ is recognized as the ultimate high priest, offering Himself as the perfect sacrifice for the sins of humanity, thereby granting believers direct access to God. Jesus’ priesthood is eternal and superior to the Levitical priesthood, and through Him, all Christians share in a spiritual priesthood, offering their lives in service to God.
Holy / Holiness
In Christian theology, holiness refers to the purity, perfection, and moral excellence of God, as well as His transcendence and separation from all sin. It is a core aspect of God’s nature and is expressed through His actions in creation and redemption. Christians are called to pursue holiness in their own lives, empowered by the Holy Spirit, as they are made holy through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Holiness is not only an attribute of God but also the standard by which Christians are to live and worship, reflecting God’s character in a fallen world.
Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity in Christian theology, alongside God the Father and God the Son (Jesus Christ). The Holy Spirit is considered fully divine, co-equal and co-eternal with the Father and the Son. The role and significance of the Holy Spirit in Christian theology are vast, and the Spirit is central to the experience of God in the lives of believers.
The Holy Spirit is central to the Christian faith, playing a crucial role in creation, revelation, empowerment, and the ongoing sanctification of believers. The Spirit is not only the Comforter and Advocate but also the one who equips, transforms, and unites the Church. Christians believe that the Holy Spirit is present and active in their lives, guiding them into truth, helping them live righteous lives, and empowering them for service in God’s Kingdom. The Holy Spirit is essential to the believer's experience of God and the Christian life.
Also see God the Holy Spirit
Hymn
A hymn is a song of worship, praise, or adoration that is sung in reverence to God. It can serve various purposes, such as offering praise, teaching doctrine, or providing spiritual encouragement. Hymns have been a central part of Christian worship for centuries and continue to be a vital expression of faith in both traditional and contemporary church settings. Through their poetic lyrics and structure, hymns help believers connect with God and proclaim His greatness.
I
Ideology
An ideology is a comprehensive system of beliefs and values that shapes how individuals or groups view the world and make decisions. Ideologies influence political, social, religious, and cultural aspects of life, guiding behavior and societal organization. They can unite people around common goals but can also be a source of division when conflicting ideologies clash.
Idolatry
Idolatry is the worship or excessive reverence of anything other than God, whether through physical representations (such as statues) or through prioritizing material objects, desires, or ideas above God's will. In Christian theology, it is seen as a serious sin that distorts the truth about God and His rightful place in the life of the believer. Both physical and spiritual forms of idolatry are condemned in Scripture, and believers are called to worship God alone, avoiding the temptation to elevate anything else to the status of ultimate importance. Repentance and turning back to God are central themes in overcoming idolatry.
Immanent / Immanence
Immanence in theology refers to the belief that God is present, active, and involved in the world and in the lives of individuals. It emphasizes God's closeness, as opposed to His transcendence (His otherness and existence beyond creation). Immanence assures believers of God's constant involvement in the world, guiding, sustaining, and working through creation. In Christianity, this is particularly evident through the presence of the Holy Spirit and the doctrine of the Incarnation, where God became immanent in the person of Jesus Christ.
Immortality
Immortality in Christian theology refers to eternal life, particularly the continuous existence of the soul after death, and the promise of resurrection with a glorified body. This eternal life is given by God to those who believe in Jesus Christ and is contrasted with eternal separation from God in hell. Immortality is not seen as a natural condition of humanity, but as a divine gift granted through Christ's victory over death. It signifies not just an endless existence, but eternal communion with God, characterized by peace, joy, and fulfillment.
Immutability
Immutability is the attribute of God that refers to His unchanging nature, character, and will. God does not change in essence, attributes, or promises, offering believers a solid foundation of trust and hope. His immutability ensures that His love, justice, mercy, and faithfulness remain constant, and His promises are secure. While God interacts with creation and responds to human actions, His essential nature and eternal purposes are never altered. This divine quality provides assurance to believers that God is perfectly reliable and stable.
Incarnation
The Incarnation is the doctrine that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, became fully human while remaining fully divine. It is a central tenet of Christianity, teaching that God entered human history through the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem to reveal Himself, save humanity from sin, and experience the full range of human life, suffering, and death. The Incarnation affirms the perfect union of divine and human natures in one person, Jesus Christ, and underscores His role in salvation.
Indwelling
Indwelling refers to the Holy Spirit taking up residence within believers after they accept Jesus Christ. It signifies a deep, personal connection with God, where the Holy Spirit works to guide, empower, and transform the believer. The indwelling of the Spirit brings about spiritual growth, provides assurance of salvation, equips for service, and helps believers live a life of holiness. It is an essential aspect of the Christian faith, marking the believer as a child of God and enabling them to experience the fullness of God's presence.
Inerrancy
Inerrancy is the belief that the Bible, in its original manuscripts, is free from error in everything it asserts, whether doctrinal, historical, or scientific. It is grounded in the idea that Scripture is divinely inspired by God and is trustworthy in all matters of faith and practice. While the term "infallibility" emphasizes the Bible's inability to lead believers astray, "inerrancy" expands this truth to include all aspects of the Bible. The doctrine has been particularly important in evangelical and conservative Protestant circles and is central to debates over the authority and interpretation of Scripture.
Infallibility
Infallibility is the belief that the Bible and the Church are free from error in matters of faith and doctrine. In the case of Scripture, it affirms that the Bible is a trustworthy guide for salvation and spiritual truth. In Roman Catholicism, papal infallibility teaches that the Pope is protected from error when making definitive statements on faith and morals. Infallibility focuses on the reliability of Scripture and Church teachings in guiding believers toward the truth, without necessarily requiring the absence of all factual or historical mistakes. This contrasts with the doctrine of inerrancy, which asserts the absence of error in all aspects of Scripture, including history and science.
Infestation
Infestation refers to a type of spiritual disturbance in which evil spirits affect a place, object, or animal, rather than a person. Infestation involves unusual or disturbing occurrences in a specific location or with a particular item, often linked to the presence or influence of malevolent forces. Unlike possession or oppression, which target individuals, infestation is focused on physical environments or objects. It can manifest as unexplained noises, unpleasant odors, unusual movements, or disturbances that evoke fear or discomfort in those who encounter the affected place or object. Catholic tradition addresses infestation as a form of spiritual presence that requires blessing or exorcism to cleanse and restore peace.
Infinite / Infinity
In Christian theology, infinity is primarily attributed to God, who is infinite in His being, power, knowledge, presence, and love. God’s infinite nature means He is not bound by time or space, and His attributes—such as omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence—are limitless. The concept of infinity also connects to the eternal life believers receive through Christ and the boundless love and mercy that God offers to humanity. The infinite nature of God sets Him apart as transcendent, while humanity remains finite, limited by the constraints of the created world.
Inheritance
In Christian theology, inheritance refers to the spiritual blessings and eternal promises that believers receive from God through faith in Jesus Christ. This includes eternal life, being heirs of God's Kingdom, and receiving God's promises made to His people. The inheritance is imperishable and secure, and the Holy Spirit acts as a guarantee of this future promise. Christians are warned to live faithfully so they may fully receive their inheritance.
Iniquity
In Christian theology, iniquity refers to a deep, persistent form of sin characterized by willful rebellion, moral corruption, and lawlessness. It leads to spiritual separation from God, bringing about judgment and consequences. However, through Jesus Christ's atoning work on the cross, believers can be forgiven and freed from the penalty of iniquity. Iniquity is not only an outward act but a condition of the heart, and it affects both individuals and generations. God's justice demands that iniquity be dealt with, but His grace offers a path to redemption and reconciliation.
Intercession
In Christian theology, intercession is the act of praying on behalf of others, seeking God's intervention, healing, or salvation for their needs. Jesus Christ is seen as the ultimate intercessor, interceding for humanity before the Father. Believers are also called to intercede for one another, especially for the salvation of non-believers and the needs of the Church. The Holy Spirit aids in this process, helping believers pray in accordance with God's will. Intercession is a powerful and ongoing practice in the life of a Christian, reflecting love, care, and concern for others.
J
Jealousy
In Christian theology, jealousy can have both positive and negative connotations. Negative jealousy stems from selfishness, envy, and pride, leading to conflict and division. It is considered a sinful emotion that Christians are called to avoid. On the other hand, God’s jealousy is righteous and reflects His passionate desire for the faithfulness of His people and His protection of His relationship with them. This divine jealousy is rooted in love, not insecurity. While human jealousy can be destructive, it can also reflect a desire for loyalty and faithfulness in relationships when kept in check. Christians are encouraged to overcome sinful jealousy by embracing contentment, humility, and trust in God's plan.
Jehovah
"Jehovah" is a name used in certain Christian traditions to refer to God, derived from the Hebrew Tetragrammaton (YHWH). While it is not the most historically accurate transliteration, it emphasizes God’s eternal, self-existent nature and His role as Creator. "Jehovah" is used in various biblical passages, particularly in older translations like the King James Version. Though the name "Jehovah" has been largely replaced by "LORD" or "Yahweh" in modern translations, it remains an important term for many Christians, particularly in expressions of God’s attributes and covenant with His people.
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a Christian denomination that is known for its distinct beliefs, practices, and teachings, which differ in significant ways from mainstream Christianity. The movement emerged in the late 19th century, and its followers are part of the larger Bible Student movement that was founded by Charles Taze Russell. The official name of the group is The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, but they are commonly known as Jehovah's Witnesses due to their use of the name "Jehovah" for God.
Jesus
Jesus is the central figure in Christianity, revered as both the Son of God and the Savior of humanity. His life, teachings, death, and resurrection are the foundation of Christian faith. Christians believe that through His sacrifice, Jesus provides salvation, eternal life, and the hope of a restored relationship with God. Jesus’ message of love, grace, and forgiveness continues to shape the lives and beliefs of millions of people worldwide.
Also see God the Son
Jews
Jews are the descendants of the Israelites, people chosen by God according to the Hebrew Scriptures, with a shared history, culture, and religion. Judaism is their religion, centered on the belief in one God, the observance of commandments, and the study of sacred texts. The Jewish people have faced persecution throughout history but maintain a strong identity rooted in their covenant with God, their shared history, and the importance of the land of Israel. Today, Jews can be found around the world, with varying levels of religious observance and cultural involvement.
Jubilee
Jubilee refers to a special year of liberation, restoration, and renewal rooted in biblical teaching, particularly in the Old Testament. It originates from the Hebrew word yovel, meaning a ram’s horn, which was used to announce the start of the Jubilee year.
In Christianity, Jubilee embodies God’s promise of restoration, liberation, and new beginnings, fulfilled ultimately through Christ’s redemptive work.
Judgement Day
Judgment Day in Christian theology is the final day when all people will stand before God to be judged for their faith and deeds. Jesus Christ will serve as the Judge, and those who have accepted Him as Savior and followed God’s commands will be rewarded with eternal life. Those who have rejected God’s salvation will face eternal separation from Him. Judgment Day is both a time of vindication for God's justice and a time of restoration, where God will make all things new and free from sin and suffering. The timing of Judgment Day is unknown, but it is believed to coincide with the second coming of Christ.
K
Kingdom of God
The reign and rule of God, both in the present world and in the world to come. It is central to the teachings of Jesus Christ, who proclaimed the coming of God’s Kingdom as a present reality and a future hope. The Kingdom of God is not limited to a specific physical location but is understood as God's sovereign rule over all creation and His divine authority that transforms lives and hearts.
L
Liturgy
Liturgy refers to the formal public worship and rituals performed in Christian communities, particularly during church services. It involves prayers, readings from Scripture, sacraments, hymns, and other sacred rites designed to honor and glorify God. The structure and elements of the liturgy vary across different Christian traditions.
Logos
In Christian theology, Logos refers to Jesus Christ as the eternal Word of God, the divine reason, and the means by which God created and revealed Himself to the world. It is rooted in Greek philosophy, where Logos represented universal reason, but in the New Testament, especially in the Gospel of John, it takes on a unique and profound meaning, signifying Christ's role in creation, revelation, and salvation. Jesus, as the Logos, is both fully God and fully man, and through Him, God’s ultimate communication and presence are made known to humanity.
Lord
In Christian theology, Lord is a title used to express the sovereignty, authority, and divinity of God, especially in relation to Jesus Christ. It emphasizes His role as Creator, Savior, and King. Calling Jesus "Lord" is a declaration of faith, acknowledging His divine nature and submitting to His authority over all aspects of life. The title is also used in reference to God the Father in the Old Testament, signifying His eternal authority and covenant relationship with His people. The concept of the Lordship of Christ is central to Christian worship, salvation, and the ethical life of believers.
Lord’s Supper
The Lord's Supper (Eucharist, Holy Communion) is a sacrament instituted by Jesus Christ during the Last Supper as a means of remembering His sacrifice and experiencing communion with Him. Through the bread and wine, Christians symbolically partake in the body and blood of Christ, remembering His death, celebrating His resurrection, and affirming the new covenant of grace. It is a communal act that signifies unity in the body of Christ and is central to Christian worship across various denominations, though interpretations of its nature and frequency differ.
Lucifer
In Christian theology, Lucifer refers to the being traditionally understood as Satan, the adversary of God and humanity. The name "Lucifer," meaning "light-bringer" or "morning star," is found in Isaiah 14:12 and is often associated with the fall of a once-exalted figure who sought to exalt himself above God. This rebellion led to Lucifer’s expulsion from heaven, and he became identified with Satan, the tempter and accuser. Over time, the term "Lucifer" has become synonymous with Satan, symbolizing pride, evil, and the origin of sin in Christian theology.
Also see Devil and Satan
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is one of the major branches of Protestant Christianity, originating from the teachings of Martin Luther in the early 16th century. It was the first major movement in the Protestant Reformation, which sought to reform certain practices and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, and it laid the foundation for much of Protestant theology. Its emphasis on salvation by faith alone, the authority of Scripture, the real presence in the Eucharist, and personal faith has shaped its theology and practice, and continues to influence millions of believers worldwide.
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Martyr
A martyr is someone who suffers or dies for their Christian faith, refusing to renounce their belief in Jesus Christ. The term originally meant "witness," and martyrs are viewed as powerful witnesses to the truth of the gospel. Throughout Christian history, martyrs have inspired others with their courage and commitment to Christ, often imitating Jesus' own sacrificial death. In the eyes of the Church, martyrs receive a special place of honor, and their lives are seen as a testimony to the ultimate victory over sin and death through Christ.
Mercy
In Christian theology, mercy is God's loving kindness and forgiveness extended to humanity despite its unworthiness. It reflects God's heart of compassion and His desire to show grace, rather than give people the punishment they deserve. Jesus demonstrated mercy throughout His ministry, and Christians are called to imitate that mercy by forgiving others, showing compassion, and extending grace. Mercy is integral to salvation, as God offers forgiveness and eternal life through His mercy, rather than through human merit.
Messiah
The Messiah in Christianity is the Anointed One, prophesied in the Old Testament and fulfilled in Jesus Christ. Christians believe that Jesus came to save humanity through His death and resurrection, offering forgiveness for sins and eternal life. While many expected a political liberator, Jesus' role as the Messiah was spiritual, bringing peace with God and offering salvation. His return as the Messiah in the Second Coming will bring the full realization of God's kingdom.
Metaphysics
In Christian theology, metaphysics plays a significant role in understanding God, the universe, and humanity’s place within it. Metaphysical questions about being, causality, existence, and time are used to explore Christian doctrines and reconcile spiritual beliefs with the natural world. Through the study of metaphysics, Christians seek a deeper understanding of the mysteries of faith and the ultimate nature of reality as created and sustained by God.
Methodism
Methodism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity that originated in the 18th century as a movement within the Church of England. It was founded by John Wesley, along with his brother Charles Wesley, and others, who sought to promote a personal, methodical approach to Christian living. The movement was known for its emphasis on holiness, practical Christianity, and the social gospel.
Millennial Kingdom
The Millennial Kingdom is a central topic in Christian eschatology, representing a future time when Jesus Christ will reign in a period of peace, justice, and righteousness. Different Christian traditions interpret the nature of the Millennium in varying ways, with views ranging from a literal, future reign of Christ (Premillennialism), to a symbolic interpretation of the present age (Amillennialism), to the belief that the kingdom will be established through the spread of the gospel (Postmillennialism). Regardless of interpretation, the concept of the Millennial Kingdom holds significance as the fulfillment of God's promises and the ultimate victory of Christ over evil.
Ministry
Ministry in Christianity is a broad concept that encompasses various forms of service to God and others. It involves both formal roles, such as pastors and missionaries, and informal acts of service by all believers. Ministry is rooted in the Christian calling to love God and one’s neighbor, and it is empowered by the Holy Spirit. Through ministry, Christians aim to fulfill God's purpose and contribute to the growth and well-being of the Church and the wider world.
Miracle
In Christianity, a miracle is a supernatural act of God that serves as a sign of His power, love, and authority. Miracles played a central role in the ministry of Jesus and the early Church, demonstrating God’s intervention in the world and affirming the message of the gospel. While miracles are seen as unique and extraordinary, many Christians believe that God's miraculous power is still at work in the world today.
Mission / Missionary
A missionary is someone who dedicates their life to spreading the message of Jesus Christ and building up the Christian community, both through evangelism and practical service. Rooted in the command of Jesus to make disciples of all nations, missionary work encompasses a wide range of activities, from preaching the Gospel to offering humanitarian aid. Whether through short-term trips or lifelong service, missionaries play a key role in advancing the Christian faith and demonstrating God's love to the world.
Monasticism
A way of life in which individuals, known as monks or nuns, dedicate themselves to spiritual growth, prayer, and service to God by living in a community or in solitude, separated from the secular world. Monasticism involves vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and is focused on achieving holiness through a disciplined and ascetic lifestyle.
Monotheism / Monotheistic
The belief in and worship of only one God. Christianity is a monotheistic religion, affirming the existence of one sovereign, eternal God who is the Creator of the universe. The doctrine of the Trinity in Christianity, which teaches that God exists as three persons—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—does not contradict monotheism. Rather, it emphasizes that while God exists in three distinct persons, He remains one in essence and being.
Monotheism is central to Christian belief, as the Bible repeatedly emphasizes that there is no other God besides the one true God. The belief in one God sets Christianity apart from polytheistic religions, which worship many gods, and from other systems that deny or question the existence of a personal Creator.
Moral Law
The set of ethical principles and guidelines that are based on God’s will, which govern the behavior and moral conduct of humanity. The moral law is believed to be universally applicable, guiding individuals to live in accordance with God’s nature and to promote justice, righteousness, and love. It is often seen as a reflection of God's holiness and character, designed to help people live in harmony with one another and with God.
The moral law serves as a guide for right and wrong behavior, pointing out sin and highlighting the need for God's grace. While Christians believe that salvation is not achieved by obeying the moral law but by faith in Jesus Christ, they understand that the moral law still provides a standard for righteous living and is a reflection of God's good and perfect will.
Morality
In Christianity, morality is the application of God's will to daily life, guiding believers in how they should live, interact with others, and reflect God’s character. It is not just about following laws or rules but about living in relationship with God and others in a way that honors God's holiness and promotes love, justice, and peace. Christian morality is deeply tied to grace, the example of Jesus Christ, and the transforming power of the Holy Spirit.
Mortal Sin
Mortal sin is a serious theological concept in Christianity, referring to deliberate, grave offenses that break one's communion with God. It involves three conditions: serious matter, full knowledge, and deliberate consent. Christians believe that unrepentant mortal sin leads to eternal separation from God, which is why repentance and confession are vital in restoring one's relationship with Him.
Mormonism
Mormonism refers to the religious beliefs and practices of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which is the largest and most prominent group within the broader Latter-day Saint movement. Founded in the early 19th century, Mormonism is based on the teachings of Joseph Smith, who is considered by adherents to be a prophet of God. The movement has distinct theological beliefs, scripture, and practices that differ from mainstream Christianity. Many traditional Christian denominations view Mormonism as non-Christian or as a cult due to its differing beliefs about the nature of God, scripture and salvation.
Mosaic Law
The Mosaic Law encompasses the commandments, rituals, and guidelines given to the Israelites by God through Moses. It provided a framework for their religious, social, and moral life and emphasized holiness, justice, and devotion to God. In Christian theology, the Mosaic Law is seen as fulfilled in Christ, who through His sacrifice on the cross established a new covenant, offering grace and salvation to all people.
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Natural Law
Natural law in Christian theology refers to a set of moral principles that are inherent in human nature and discernible by human reason. It is believed to reflect the divine will and is accessible to all people. The Mosaic Law, divine revelation, and the teachings of the Church provide further clarification and guidance, but natural law remains foundational for understanding basic moral principles and the moral duties of humanity.
New Creation
The concept of the new creation in Christian theology is a transformative work of God, starting with the spiritual renewal of the individual believer and extending to the entire created order. It involves being united with Christ, receiving a new heart, and being empowered by the Holy Spirit. While the new creation is experienced now in part, its ultimate fulfillment awaits the return of Christ when all things will be made new.
New Testament
The New Testament is the foundational text for Christian faith and practice. It details the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, the establishment of the New Covenant, and the spread of the Christian Church. The message of salvation through faith in Jesus and the hope of eternal life are central themes. It provides both theological insights and practical guidance for living as followers of Christ.
Non-denominational Christianity
Non-denominational Christianity refers to a movement or style of Christian belief and worship that operates outside the framework of established Christian denominations such as Catholicism, Protestantism, or Orthodoxy. Non-denominational churches emphasize a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, Bible-based teachings, and a flexible, independent structure that often avoids the formal doctrines, rituals, and hierarchies associated with traditional denominations.
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Obsession
Obsession is considered a type of spiritual attack by evil forces that aims to disturb a person's peace and weaken their faith. It may involve irrational anxieties, distressing temptations, or compulsive thoughts that are difficult to resist or dismiss. The Catholic Church distinguishes obsession from other forms of spiritual influence, such as oppression (external harassment) and possession (loss of control over the body).
Old Testament
The Old Testament provides the historical and theological foundation for the Christian faith, introducing the creation of the world, the beginning of God's relationship with humanity, and His covenant with Israel. It also foreshadows the coming of the Messiah, who Christians believe is Jesus Christ. Its themes of sin, judgment, mercy, and hope continue to shape Christian doctrine and practice today. The Old Testament serves as a vital background to understanding the New Testament and the fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus.
Omnipotent / Omnipotence
Omnipotent is a term used to describe God's all-powerful nature. It means that God has the ability to do anything that is consistent with His will and nature. In Christian theology, God is believed to be omnipotent, meaning that there is no limit to His power or authority. This attribute underscores God's sovereignty over all creation and His ability to accomplish anything He desires. It is balanced by other attributes, such as omniscience (all-knowing) and omnipresence (present everywhere).
Omnipresence
Omnipresence refers to the theological concept that God is present everywhere at the same time. Unlike humans or creatures that are limited by space and time, God’s presence is not confined to a specific location. He exists in all places, at all times, and is fully present everywhere in creation. This means there is no place or moment where God is not.
Omniscience
Omniscience refers to the theological concept that God is all-knowing. It means that God possesses complete and perfect knowledge of everything—past, present, and future. Nothing is hidden from God's understanding, and He has perfect awareness of all events, thoughts, intentions, and actions in the universe.
Oppression
Oppression refers to a form of spiritual harassment where a person is subject to external pressures or hardships caused by evil forces, but without any loss of control over their body or mind. Unlike possession, oppression affects a person’s external circumstances rather than their internal or bodily control. Spiritual oppression often manifests as inexplicable misfortunes, physical or financial struggles, or relational conflicts that persist despite efforts to resolve them. These hardships may be seen as a form of spiritual attack aimed at weakening a person’s faith or leading them into discouragement and despair.
Ordain
To formally appoint or invest someone with authority for spiritual service, such as a pastor or priest.
Ordinance
Ordinance in Christian theology refers to a religious practice or rite that is considered to be established by God or instituted by Christ for the church to observe. Ordinances are acts of worship or ritual that carry spiritual significance, often symbolizing or commemorating key aspects of the Christian faith.
Ordination
The official process by which individuals are formally recognized and set apart for service in a specific ministry or leadership role within the Church. Ordination typically involves a ceremonial act where a candidate is prayed over and affirmed by church leaders or the congregation, conferring upon them the authority to carry out certain responsibilities, such as preaching, administering sacraments, and shepherding the congregation.
Ordination is often associated with roles such as pastors, priests, bishops, and deacons. The process may vary across different Christian denominations, but it generally includes a period of training or theological education, followed by an examination of the candidate's calling, faith, and character.
In some traditions, ordination is seen as a sacrament, an outward sign of God's calling and empowerment for ministry. It is viewed as a public acknowledgment of the individual’s readiness and commitment to serve God and the Church.
Original Sin
Original Sin refers to the doctrine in Christian theology that humanity inherits a sinful nature as a result of Adam and Eve's disobedience to God in the Garden of Eden. According to this belief, the first human beings’ choice to sin by eating the forbidden fruit (Genesis 3) caused a fundamental change in human nature, which has been passed down to all of humanity.
Orthodoxy
Orthodoxy in Christian theology refers to the correct, accepted doctrine and belief as passed down through the history of the church. It focuses on maintaining fidelity to the biblical teachings and early church traditions, emphasizing continuity and theological consistency. In this sense, orthodoxy is crucial for preserving the integrity of the Christian faith and ensuring unity within the body of believers.
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Pagan
Pagan originally referred to those who practiced polytheistic and nature-based religions outside of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. It encompassed a wide range of belief systems, including the worship of multiple gods, nature spirits, and rituals associated with seasonal cycles. In contemporary usage, "pagan" may refer to modern neopagan practices such as Wicca, Druidry, and Heathenry, or be used more broadly to describe non-Abrahamic spiritualities. In Christian theology, the term has historically been associated with idolatry and false worship, though its meaning and connotation can vary in different contexts.
Parable
A parable is a simple story used to teach deeper spiritual truths or ethical lessons. Jesus frequently used parables to explain the nature of God’s Kingdom, and many of his parables highlight themes of love, forgiveness, repentance, and the responsibilities of individuals in God’s plan. Parables are rich in symbolism and require thoughtful interpretation to fully understand their messages.
Passion
Passion primarily refers to the suffering, agony, and death of Jesus Christ, especially as depicted in the last hours of His earthly life. This intense period, known as "The Passion of Christ," is central to the Christian understanding of redemption and God's love for humanity. Additionally, the term "passion" can denote a deep, fervent love for God or an intense desire to follow His will, often seen in the zeal of believers' faith and actions.
Passover
Passover is a key Jewish holiday that commemorates the Israelites' liberation from slavery in Egypt. It is celebrated with a special meal, the Seder, which includes symbolic foods and rituals that recall the events of the Exodus. For Christians, Passover is significant due to its connection to Jesus' Last Supper, and the lamb of Passover is often seen as a precursor to Christ, the Lamb of God, whose sacrifice brings ultimate salvation. Passover is a time of reflection, remembrance, and renewal, both for Jewish and Christian believers.
Pastor
A pastor is a spiritual leader in a Christian church who is responsible for preaching, teaching, providing counsel, and caring for the congregation. They play a central role in guiding the church spiritually, administrating sacraments, and leading worship. The role of a pastor is multifaceted, requiring leadership, compassion, and a deep knowledge of Scripture. Pastors are often seen as shepherds of their congregation, leading them in their walk with God.
Pentateuch
The Pentateuch consists of the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. It is foundational to both Judaism and Christianity, laying out God's creation of the world, His covenant with the people of Israel, the laws they must follow, and the history of their journey from slavery to the Promised Land. The Pentateuch provides key insights into the nature of God, human beings, and the relationship between the two.
Pentecost
Pentecost is a key event in Christian theology, occurring 50 days after Easter, when the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles, empowering them to proclaim the message of Jesus. It marks the birth of the Christian Church and the beginning of its mission to the world. Pentecost is seen as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and the beginning of the Church's global outreach. It is a day of celebration of the Holy Spirit’s presence and power in the life of believers.
Pentecostal / Pentecostalism
Pentecostalism is a Christian movement that emphasizes the ongoing work of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers, particularly the experiences of baptism in the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues, and the operation of spiritual gifts like healing and prophecy. It grew out of the early 20th-century Azusa Street Revival and has since become one of the fastest-growing branches of Christianity. Pentecostals emphasize direct personal experiences with God, vibrant worship, and the belief in the continuation of miraculous gifts in the present day.
Persecution
The hostile treatment, oppression, or harassment of individuals or groups because of their Christian faith. Persecution can take various forms, including physical violence, imprisonment, social ostracism, discrimination, and even death. It has been a recurring aspect of Christian history, particularly in the early church when Christians were often subjected to Roman imperial authority and pagan religious practices, and continues in various parts of the world today.
Perseverance
Perseverance in Christian theology is about remaining faithful and steadfast in one’s commitment to Christ, especially through trials and difficulties. It is essential for spiritual growth and the ultimate reward of eternal life.
Pharisees
The Pharisees were a significant Jewish sect in the time of Jesus, known for their strict observance of the law, both written and oral. They believed in the resurrection, angels, and the afterlife, and were influential in Jewish society. However, in the New Testament, Jesus critiques them for their hypocrisy, legalism, and focus on outward appearances rather than genuine inner righteousness. Despite their shortcomings, the Pharisees had a lasting influence on the development of Rabbinic Judaism.
Pope
The Pope is both the spiritual leader of over a billion Catholics worldwide and the head of the Vatican City, holding authority over the global Catholic Church. His role as the successor of Saint Peter makes him central to Catholic doctrine and tradition, and his teachings and leadership continue to shape Catholic life, practice, and outreach globally.
Possession
Possession is a rare and severe form of spiritual affliction in which an evil spirit takes control over a person’s body, affecting their actions, speech, and sometimes physical movements, while leaving the individual’s soul untouched. The possessed person retains their free will and personal responsibility, but during episodes, they may lose control over their body as the demon manifests through them.
Possession is distinct from other forms of demonic influence, such as oppression (external harassment) or obsession (mental disturbances), in that it involves a demon directly manipulating the person’s physical body. In cases of full possession, the person may act, speak, or even exhibit knowledge beyond their understanding. Catholic belief teaches that while a person may suffer bodily control during possession, their soul remains under their own authority and is not "owned" by the demon.
Characteristics of someone possessed may include unhuman strength, being able to speak different languages otherwise unknown to the individual, and/or possessing knowledge of hidden or confidential information.
Pray / Prayer
Prayer is a vital aspect of Christian life, enabling believers to communicate with God, seek His will, and experience His presence. It can take many forms, from personal petitions to collective worship, and is a way to grow in faith and dependence on God. Through prayer, Christians not only express their needs and concerns but also deepen their relationship with the Creator and align their lives with His will.
Predestination
Predestination refers to God's eternal decision regarding the fate of individuals, particularly concerning their salvation. It is a doctrine that speaks to God’s sovereignty, His divine plan, and His grace. Various Christian traditions interpret this concept differently, with Calvinism emphasizing unconditional election, Arminianism stressing foreknowledge and free will, and other views seeking a balance between divine sovereignty and human choice. Regardless of the specific view, the doctrine of predestination serves as a reminder of God's ultimate control over the course of salvation history and His purpose for His people.
Priest
A priest is an ordained minister responsible for leading worship, offering sacraments, teaching the Word of God, and providing pastoral care. While the role of the priest is central in liturgical traditions like Catholicism and Orthodoxy, it is understood differently in Protestantism, where the "priesthood of all believers" emphasizes the equality of all Christians in their access to God. The priesthood plays a significant role in the life of the Church and in mediating the relationship between God and the people.
Proclamation
The act of declaring or announcing the message of the Gospel, often in a public and authoritative manner. In Christianity, proclamation refers to the sharing of the good news of Jesus Christ, His life, death, and resurrection, with the goal of inviting others to faith and repentance. It is a central aspect of the mission of the Church and the responsibility of Christians to spread the message of salvation.
Progressive
Progressive Christianity emphasizes the need for a modern, inclusive, and socially engaged approach to faith. It values social justice, inclusivity, and an evolving understanding of Scripture, encouraging Christians to live out their faith in a way that addresses the pressing issues of today's world. While maintaining a commitment to the core values of love, grace, and justice, progressive Christianity often seeks to reframe traditional doctrines and practices in light of contemporary knowledge and ethics.
Propitiation
Propitiation is a theological term that refers to the appeasement of God's righteous wrath against sin, particularly through the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ. It signifies that Jesus, as the perfect sacrifice, satisfies the need for justice, making reconciliation with God possible. Through His death, believers are forgiven and restored to a right relationship with God, no longer under His wrath.
Prophecy
Prophecy in Christian theology involves the foretelling of future events or the revelation of divine truth, often delivered by prophets inspired by the Holy Spirit. It serves as a tool for guiding, warning, and encouraging God's people, with the ultimate fulfillment of many prophecies found in the life and mission of Jesus Christ. Prophecy continues to play a role in the Church today, especially in the form of spiritual gifts, and it emphasizes God's sovereignty and plan for the world.
Prophet
A prophet is a person chosen by God to communicate His will, offer guidance, or foretell future events. Prophets serve as spokespeople for God, and their role is critical in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. While the primary role of prophets is to declare God's truth, the prophetic ministry continues in the Christian Church today through the gifts of the Holy Spirit. A true prophet's message always aligns with God's Word, and the Church is called to discern between true and false prophecies.
Protestant
A Protestant is a Christian who is part of a tradition that emerged from the Reformation, emphasizing principles such as Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone), Sola Fide (faith alone), and grace alone. Protestantism encompasses a wide range of denominations, all united by these foundational beliefs but differing in their practices and theological interpretations.
Protestantism
Protestantism is one of the major branches of Christianity that arose in the 16th century as a movement against certain doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Sparked by the Protestant Reformation, led by figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli, Protestantism sought to return to a more Bible-centered faith, emphasizing individual access to Scripture and a personal relationship with God. Major branches of Protestantism include Lutheranism, Calvinism, Baptist, Methodism, Pentecostalism, and Evangelicalism.
Providence aka Divine Providence
Providence in Christian theology is the belief that God actively and continually upholds and governs all of creation, guiding it according to His perfect will and plan. It highlights God's care, protection, and timing, assuring believers that everything—both good and bad—is ultimately under God’s control and contributes to His greater purposes.
Purgatory
Purgatory is a Catholic doctrine referring to a temporary state of purification for souls who die in a state of grace but still need to be cleansed of the effects of sin before entering heaven. It is distinct from hell and is not considered a final destination. Catholic teaching holds that prayers, masses, and indulgences can help alleviate the suffering of those in purgatory, and the ultimate goal is the soul’s entrance into eternal communion with God in heaven.
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Quakers
Quakers, also known as the Religious Society of Friends, are a Christian denomination that emerged in the 17th century in England. They are known for their distinctive beliefs, practices, and commitment to social justice. The movement was founded by George Fox in the 1640s, who sought a more direct and personal experience of God, apart from the rituals and hierarchies of the established church.
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Rapture
The Rapture is a theological concept in Christianity referring to the event in which believers in Christ—both the living and the dead—are taken up to meet Him in the air. While the concept is central in premillennial dispensationalism, other Christian traditions may interpret the Rapture differently or view it symbolically. Regardless of timing, the Rapture represents the ultimate hope for Christians: being united with Christ in eternity.
Reconciliation
Reconciliation in Christian theology refers to the restoration of the relationship between God and humanity, made possible through the sacrificial work of Jesus Christ. It involves forgiveness, peace, and restoration, not just between individuals and God but also among people. Christians are called to embrace and share this message of reconciliation, helping others to come to peace with God and with each other.
Redeem / Redemption
Redemption in Christian theology refers to the process by which humanity is saved from sin and its consequences through the sacrificial death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It involves the idea of being "bought back" or "liberated" from sin, and it restores the relationship between humans and God. Through Jesus, believers are freed from spiritual bondage, forgiven of their sins, and promised eternal life. Redemption is central to the Christian faith and demonstrates God's immense love and grace.
Reformation
The Reformation was a religious, theological, and cultural movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century, leading to the emergence of Protestantism. Initiated by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin, it emphasized the authority of Scripture, salvation by faith alone, and the priesthood of all believers. The Reformation not only transformed the Church but also had far-reaching effects on European politics, society, and culture.
Regeneration
Regeneration in Christian theology refers to the spiritual transformation that occurs when a person is born again, receiving new spiritual life through the work of the Holy Spirit. This process marks the beginning of a Christian’s new life in Christ, signifying a fundamental change in their nature and relationship with God.
Relativism
Relativism in philosophy and ethics refers to the idea that truth, morality, and other values are not absolute or universal but are instead relative to the individual, culture, or historical context. In a religious or Christian context, relativism often challenges the idea of absolute truth as revealed by God in Scripture.
Relic
A relic in Christian theology refers to a physical object or item that is associated with a saint, martyr, or important religious figure. Relics are often venerated as sacred because they are believed to hold a connection to the holiness of the person they are linked to, and they are seen as a means of drawing closer to God.
Religion
Religion is a system of beliefs, practices, and moral codes that relates humanity to the divine or to higher powers. It often involves rituals, teachings, and a worldview that explains the purpose of life, the nature of existence, and the universe. Religions may include doctrines about the afterlife, salvation, and the relationship between humanity and the divine.
Remission
Remission, in the context of Christianity, is the gracious act of God forgiving sin and removing its penalty, offering the believer freedom from guilt and restoration of their relationship with God. This is made possible through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ and is essential for the concept of salvation in Christian doctrine.
Repent / Repentance
Repent in Christian theology means to feel remorse or regret for one's sins and to turn away from sinful behavior toward a life aligned with God's will. It involves both a change of mind and a transformation of heart, leading to a commitment to live a righteous life.
Resurrection
The resurrection is a foundational concept in Christian theology, highlighting both Jesus’ victory over death and the future hope for all believers. It is the promise that, through faith in Christ, believers will experience new, eternal life, both spiritually in the present and physically in the future. The resurrection affirms God's power to overcome death and offers Christians assurance of life beyond the grave.
Revelation
Revelation in Christian theology refers to the act by which God discloses or unveils His truth, will, and nature to humanity. It is seen as God's self-disclosure, providing knowledge and understanding that would otherwise be unknowable. Revelation occurs through various means, including scripture, nature, and direct divine communication.
Righteousness
Righteousness in Christian theology refers to the state of being morally right or just in the sight of God. It involves living in alignment with God's standards, laws, and character, and it is a key concept for understanding how believers are to live and how they are justified before God.
Righteousness in Christianity involves both a positional righteousness (imputed through faith in Christ) and a practical righteousness (lived out through holy living). It is central to the believer's salvation and relationship with God, with Christ's righteousness being the foundation of the believer's standing before God. Christians are called to seek righteousness both through faith in Christ and through the transformative work of the Holy Spirit in their daily lives.
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Sacrament
Sacrament refers to a religious rite or ritual that is considered to be a means of receiving God’s grace and a visible sign of an inward spiritual reality. Sacraments are sacred practices instituted by Jesus Christ that convey divine blessing and serve as important symbols of faith, often tied to key aspects of Christian belief and salvation.
Sacrifice
Sacrifice is a profound and multifaceted concept that underscores God's plan of salvation through Jesus Christ. The Old Testament sacrifices pointed forward to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, and through His death, believers are offered forgiveness, reconciliation, and eternal life. In response, Christians are called to live sacrificial lives, offering themselves in service and devotion to God.
Sadducees
The Sadducees were a religious and political group in ancient Judaism, active during the time of Jesus and the early years of the Christian church. They are most often mentioned in the New Testament in opposition to the Pharisees, another prominent Jewish group.
Salvation
Salvation refers to the deliverance from sin and its consequences, often understood as eternal separation from God (hell). It is the central theme of the Christian faith, signifying the process by which a person is reconciled with God and granted eternal life through the work of Jesus Christ.
Sanctify / Sanctification
Sanctification refers to the process of being made holy or set apart for God's purposes. It is the ongoing work of the Holy Spirit in the life of a believer, transforming them into the likeness of Jesus Christ and helping them live according to God's will. Sanctification is an essential aspect of salvation, but it is distinct from justification, which is the act of being declared righteous before God.
Sanctuary
Sanctuary refers to a sacred or holy place set apart for worship, prayer, and the presence of God. It is often used to describe the physical space where believers gather to worship, but it can also have a more spiritual or symbolic meaning, representing the safe, holy presence of God in the lives of believers.
Satan
Satan, also known as the devil, is a spiritual being who represents the ultimate adversary of God, humanity, and all that is good. Known as the tempter, deceiver, and accuser, Satan's primary role is to oppose God's will and lead people away from faith and righteousness. He is commonly understood as a fallen angel who rebelled against God, and his influence is associated with sin, evil, and spiritual warfare.
Also see Devil and Lucifer
Savior
In Christian theology, the Savior refers to Jesus Christ, who delivers humanity from sin and death. By His death on the cross and resurrection, He offers forgiveness, reconciliation with God, and eternal life to all who believe in Him. Jesus’ role as Savior encompasses both the rescue from sin’s consequences and the transformation of believers’ lives, offering hope for both the present and the future.
Scripture
Scriptures refer to the sacred writings that are considered the authoritative Word of God. The term typically refers to the Bible, which is divided into two main parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. Christians believe the Scriptures are inspired by God and are essential for teaching, guiding, and shaping their faith and practice.
Second Coming of Christ
The Second Coming of Christ refers to the future event when Jesus Christ will return to Earth in power and glory to fulfill the rest of God's plan for humanity and the world. This belief is central to Christian eschatology (the study of end times) and is prophesied throughout the New Testament. The Second Coming is distinct from Christ's first coming, where He came as a humble servant to bring salvation. In His second coming, He will return as King and Judge.
Sect
A sect is a group that has separated from a larger religious tradition, typically due to differing beliefs, practices, or interpretations of doctrine. In Christian contexts, a sect often forms when a group of believers breaks away from a mainstream denomination to follow a particular leader, teaching, or theological emphasis. These groups are usually smaller and may develop unique practices or stricter interpretations of Scripture.
Secularism
Secularism is the principle or belief that religion should be separate from governmental, public, and educational institutions. It promotes a society where people of all faiths, as well as those with no religious beliefs, can coexist without religious influence on laws and policies. Secularism doesn't oppose religion itself but emphasizes that religious beliefs should not dictate public decision-making or infringe on the rights of others.
Septuagint
The Septuagint is the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). It was created in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE by Jewish scholars in Alexandria, Egypt. The name "Septuagint" comes from the Latin word for seventy, referring to the tradition that 70 (or 72) Jewish scholars worked on the translation. The Septuagint played a crucial role in the spread of Judaism and later Christianity because it made the Hebrew Scriptures accessible to Greek-speaking Jews and early Christians.
Sermon on the Mount
The Sermon on the Mount is one of Jesus' most famous teachings, recorded in the Gospel of Matthew (chapters 5-7). It is a collection of moral and spiritual instructions that provide guidance on how to live a righteous life, highlighting the values of the Kingdom of God. Delivered on a hillside, this sermon is considered the core of Jesus' ethical teachings and is especially revered for its emphasis on love, humility, and justice.
Seven Deadly Sins
The Seven Deadly Sins are a classification of vices in Christian theology that are considered to be the root of other sinful behaviors. They include pride, envy, wrath, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust. These sins were first formally identified by early Christian theologians, particularly by Pope Gregory I in the 6th century and later expanded upon by St. Thomas Aquinas. The Seven Deadly Sins are seen as attitudes or desires that lead to other immoral actions and separate individuals from God's will.
Seven Sacraments
The seven sacraments are central to the worship and spiritual life of several Christian denominations, especially in Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and some Anglican and Protestant traditions. These sacraments are believed to be outward signs instituted by Christ to confer grace. In Roman Catholic teaching, they are essential for spiritual growth and salvation. The seven sacraments include baptism, confirmation, Eucharist (Holy Communion), penance, anointing of the sick, Holy orders, and matrimony.
Seventh-day Adventism
Seventh-day Adventism is a Christian denomination that emerged in the mid-19th century, characterized by its distinct beliefs and practices, including the observance of Saturday as the Sabbath and a strong emphasis on eschatology (the study of the end times). The Seventh-day Adventist Church is recognized for its commitment to health, education, and missionary work, and its members believe in the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ.
Sin
Sin is the act of disobeying God's commandments, resulting in a separation from Him. It is any thought, word, or action that goes against God’s moral law or falls short of His standard of holiness. Sin can manifest in both intentional wrongdoing (sins of commission) and failure to do what is right (sins of omission). The concept of sin is central to understanding the need for salvation and redemption through Jesus Christ.
Sins of Commission
Actions that involve doing something wrong or sinful, where an individual actively engages in behavior that violates God’s commandments or moral law. These are sins that are committed by one's actions, decisions, or behavior, rather than by failing to act (which would be sins of omission). Sins of commission involve the deliberate choice to engage in sinful conduct, such as lying, stealing, or committing adultery. Examples of sins of commission include lying or bearing false witness, murder or physical harm to others, theft or robbery, adultery or sexual immorality, hatred, jealousy, or malice.
Sins of Omission
Sins that occur when an individual fails to do something that is required or morally right according to God's commandments or moral law. These are sins committed by neglect or inaction, where a person does not perform a duty or act in a way that aligns with God's will, even though the opportunity to do so is present. These are sins committed through neglect or failure to do something good. They can include failing to help others, speak truthfully, or act according to God’s will and like sins of commission, they require repentance and God’s forgiveness.
Situational Ethics
Situational Ethics is an ethical theory that suggests moral decisions should be based on the context of a particular situation, rather than adhering to fixed laws or rules. It emphasizes the importance of love and compassion in determining what is right or wrong, arguing that the most loving thing to do in a given situation should guide moral actions. The theory was popularized by Joseph Fletcher in the 1960s and is closely associated with Christian ethics, particularly in his book Situation Ethics: The New Morality.
Son of Man
Son of Man is a title used by Jesus in the Gospels that highlights both His humanity and His divine mission. It connects Him to the messianic prophecies in the Book of Daniel while also emphasizing His role in suffering, redemption, and ultimate authority in God's kingdom. The title encompasses Jesus’ full identification with humanity and His role as the divine judge and savior in the end times.
Sons of God
Sons of God is a biblical term that has several meanings depending on the context in which it is used. It can refer to angels or divine beings (Old Testament), the nation of Israel (Old Testament), believers in Christ who are spiritually adopted by God (New Testament), and Jesus Christ Himself (the unique Son of God). In the New Testament context, believers are considered “sons of God” through faith in Jesus Christ, experiencing spiritual adoption into God’s family. This title signifies a special relationship with God and the future inheritance of eternal life.
Soul
The soul is the eternal, immaterial part of a person, which gives life to the body and is the seat of consciousness, will, emotions, and moral choices. It is created by God, immortal, and central to a person’s relationship with God. The salvation of the soul is fundamental to the Christian faith, as it is through Jesus Christ that the soul is redeemed and granted eternal life. The soul's destiny is determined by one's faith and relationship with God, and after death, it faces either eternal communion with God or separation from Him.
Sovereign / Sovereignty
God's sovereignty refers to His supreme, unchallenged authority over all things. God reigns over creation, history, and human life, and His will is always accomplished. This sovereignty is exercised with wisdom, justice, and love, ensuring that His ultimate purposes, including salvation, are fulfilled. Though humans have free will, God's sovereignty assures believers that His divine plan will prevail. Trusting in God's sovereignty brings comfort, knowing that He is in control of all circumstances, and His actions are always for the good of His people.
Spirit
The term spirit (apart from the Holy Spirit) generally refers to the non-physical, eternal part of a person that connects with God, enabling worship and spiritual life. It can also describe a mindset or attitude, an immaterial force like breath or life, or refer to supernatural beings such as angels or demons. The spirit is the deep, inner part of the human being that can be influenced by God or by evil forces, and it plays a key role in spiritual experiences and growth.
Spiritual Battle
The spiritual battle in Christianity is the ongoing conflict between the forces of good (God, angels, and believers) and the forces of evil (Satan, fallen angels, demons, and sin). It encompasses internal struggles with sin, external battles against demonic influences, and the need for Christians to rely on God’s strength and armor to stand firm. The victory in this battle is ultimately secured by Jesus Christ, and Christians are called to engage in the fight through prayer, faith, and the Word of God.
Spiritual Gifts
Spiritual gifts are special abilities or empowerments given by the Holy Spirit to believers in Christ when baptized in the Holy Spirit for the purpose of building up the Church and advancing God's kingdom. These gifts are meant to be used in service to others, promoting unity, love, and the growth of the body of Christ. The Bible teaches that these gifts are distributed to all believers, but in different measures and according to God's will.
Stewardship
The responsible management and care of resources, talents, time, and all that God has entrusted to individuals, recognizing that everything ultimately belongs to God. Stewardship emphasizes the role of believers as caretakers or stewards, accountable to God for how they use and manage His gifts in ways that honor Him and serve His purposes.
Subjugation
Subjugation occurs when a person willingly or unknowingly opens themselves up to demonic influence, often through occult practices or pacts. This type of possession happens when someone has explicitly invited a demonic presence into their life, which can lead to partial or full possession. Confession, renunciation of occult practices, and prayers of deliverance are vital to break free. Exorcism may also be necessary to break the bond and free the person from demonic influence.
Supplication
Supplication refers to a type of prayer or petition where one humbly asks or pleads for God's help, guidance, or intervention. It is often associated with a sense of deep need or urgency, where a believer earnestly seeks God's favor or assistance in a specific situation. Supplication involves a submissive attitude, recognizing God's sovereignty and authority, and it is often accompanied by other forms of prayer such as thanksgiving and intercession.
Systematic Theology
Systematic Theology is the discipline within Christian theology that seeks to organize and present the core teachings of the Bible in a coherent and systematic manner. It involves collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing biblical doctrines to help believers understand the full scope of God's revelation and how various theological topics relate to one another. The goal is to create a comprehensive and logical framework of Christian beliefs that can be applied to daily life, worship, and practice.
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Tabernacle
The Tabernacle was a portable sanctuary used by the Israelites during their journey through the wilderness, as described in the Book of Exodus. It was constructed according to God's detailed instructions given to Moses and served as a place where God's presence dwelled among His people. The Tabernacle was a central element of Israel's worship during their exodus from Egypt and their time in the desert, before the construction of the permanent Temple in Jerusalem by King Solomon.
Temptation
Temptation refers to the enticement or invitation to sin, typically by appealing to one's desires or weaknesses. It is often seen as a test or trial that challenges a person's faithfulness, obedience, or righteousness before God.
Temple
The temple refers to a sacred place of worship where God is honored and His presence is believed to dwell. The concept of the temple is rooted in the Old Testament but continues to hold theological significance in the New Testament and Christian practice. While the physical temple no longer exists in the same form, the concept is fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ and in the church as the living temple of God.
Ten Commandments
The Ten Commandments are a set of divine laws given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, as recorded in the Bible in Exodus 20:1-17 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21. These commandments serve as fundamental ethical guidelines for living a life that is pleasing to God and form a central part of Judeo-Christian moral teaching. They are divided into two sections: the first four commandments focus on humanity's relationship with God, and the last six concern relationships between people. The Ten Commandments are as follows:
You shall have no other gods before me
You shall not make for yourself a carved image
You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain
Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy
Honor your father and your mother
You shall not murder
You shall not commit adultery
You shall not steal
You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor
You shall not covet
Theocentrism / Theocentric
Theocentrism is a theological and philosophical concept that places God at the center of everything, including all life, history and existence, asserting that God is the ultimate focus and purpose of all existence. In a theocentric worldview, everything—creation, human life, morality, and history—is seen through the lens of God's will, purpose, and sovereignty.
Theology
Theology is the study of God, His nature, His attributes, and His relationship to the world and humanity. It involves the exploration of religious beliefs, doctrines, and practices, aiming to understand the divine, often through sacred texts, tradition, and reason. In Christian theology, it particularly focuses on God as revealed in the Bible and centers on key aspects such as salvation, creation, the nature of Jesus Christ, and the role of the Holy Spirit.
Torah
The Torah is the central and most important religious text in Judaism, often referred to as the Law of Moses or the Five Books of Moses. It consists of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanakh), which are: Genesis (Bereshit), Exodus (Shemot), Leviticus (Vayikra), Numbers (Bamidbar), and Deuteronomy (Devarim). The Torah, in Christian tradition, is often referred to as the Pentateuch.
Tradition
Tradition refers to the teachings, practices, beliefs, and customs passed down from one generation to the next, often through oral transmission, written texts, or practices within the Church. Tradition plays a significant role in the development and expression of faith, especially within communities that adhere to doctrines passed down from the early Church Fathers, apostles, and other significant figures in the Christian faith.
Transcendent
Transcendent refers to the nature of God as being beyond and independent of the material universe and human experience. It emphasizes the idea that God exists outside of time, space, and the created world and is not bound by the physical limitations that govern creation. God's transcendence highlights His supreme, infinite, and unchangeable nature.
Transcendental Meditation
Transcendental Meditation is a popular meditation practice that emphasizes effortless, mantra-based meditation to promote relaxation and self-awareness. While it has been praised for its potential health benefits and accessibility, its spiritual roots and commercialization have been subjects of criticism. In the Christian context, this is a type of practice that should not be exercised for metaphysical reasons.
Transfiguration
Transfiguration refers to a significant event in the New Testament and is a pivotal moment in the Gospels where the divine glory of Jesus is revealed to his disciples, affirming his identity as the Son of God and the fulfillment of the Law and Prophets. It serves as both a revelation of his divinity and a preparation for the trials that lie ahead in his Passion. This event holds deep theological significance in Christian tradition, emphasizing Jesus’ divine nature and the importance of listening to his message.
Transgression
Transgression refers to the act of violating or breaking a commandment, law, or moral code, particularly in relation to God’s commands. It is often used interchangeably with the word sin, but it carries a slightly different nuance, emphasizing the idea of stepping across a boundary or exceeding a limit set by divine authority.
Transubstantiation
A theological doctrine primarily held by the Roman Catholic Church that teaches that during the celebration of the Eucharist (Holy Communion), the substance of the bread and wine used in the sacrament is miraculously transformed into the actual body and blood of Jesus Christ, while the outward appearances (or "accidents") of bread and wine remain unchanged. In other words, although the bread and wine still look, taste, and feel the same, they are believed to have become the real and true body and blood of Christ in essence.
Tribulation (The Great Tribulation)
Tribulation refers to both the general suffering believers face in this life and the specific period of intense persecution and suffering associated with the end times. It is seen as a way that God refines the faith of His people and prepares them for His return. While tribulation is a time of trial, it is also a time of hope, as Christians trust in God’s ultimate victory over suffering and the promise of eternal life.
The Great Tribulation is a specific term in Christian eschatology that refers to a future period of intense suffering and upheaval preceding the Second Coming of Christ. This period is described in several prophetic books of the Bible, including Daniel, Matthew, and Revelation. It is characterized by widespread persecution, natural disasters, wars, and the rise of an antichrist figure who opposes Christ and His followers.
Trinity
The Trinity is a foundational doctrine in Christian theology that teaches that God is one in essence and three in persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Each person of the Trinity is fully God, yet they are distinct from one another in their roles and relationships. This doctrine emphasizes the unity, diversity, and relational nature of God and is essential for understanding the work of salvation in the Christian faith. While it is a mystery that cannot be fully grasped by human understanding, it is affirmed through the teachings of Scripture and has profound implications for the life of the Church and its believers.
Trinity in Christian theology refers to the doctrine that God exists as three distinct persons but is one in essence or substance. The three persons of the Trinity are God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. These three are co-equal, co-eternal, and of the same divine essence, yet they are distinct in their roles and relationships.
Twelve Disciples
The twelve disciples chosen by Jesus Christ to be His closest followers and to serve as the foundation of the early Church. These twelve men were specifically called by Jesus to witness His life, teachings, death, and resurrection, and to be sent out to preach the Gospel and establish the Christian community after His ascension. The Apostles are often regarded as the primary witnesses to the life and ministry of Jesus and are given a special role in the New Testament.
The twelve Apostles are:
Peter (also known as Simon): Often considered the leader of the Apostles and the first Pope in Catholic tradition.
James the Greater (son of Zebedee): One of the "sons of thunder," brother of John.
John: The brother of James and the "beloved disciple," traditionally credited with writing the Gospel of John, three epistles, and Revelation.
Andrew: The brother of Peter, originally a disciple of John the Baptist.
Philip: Known for his evangelism and calling Nathanael (Bartholomew) to follow Jesus.
Bartholomew (also called Nathanael): Believed to have spread the Gospel in India or Armenia.
Matthew (also called Levi): A former tax collector and the author of the Gospel of Matthew.
Thomas (also called Didymus): Famous for doubting the resurrection of Jesus until he saw Him in person.
James the Less (son of Alphaeus): Sometimes identified with the author of the Epistle of James.
Thaddaeus (also called Lebbaeus or Judas, son of James): Often identified with the author of the Epistle of Jude.
Simon the Zealot: A member of the Zealots, a Jewish political movement.
Judas Iscariot: The apostle who betrayed Jesus to the religious authorities, leading to His crucifixion. After his death, he was replaced by Matthias (Acts 1:15-26).
The Twelve Apostles were the original witnesses to the resurrection and played an essential role in spreading the teachings of Jesus. Their authority and mission are foundational to the Church, and they are often referred to as the "foundation stones" of the Christian faith, as seen in the Book of Revelation (Revelation 21:14).
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Unforgiveable Sin
The unforgivable sin is blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, which involves a persistent, willful rejection of the Holy Spirit’s testimony about Jesus Christ. It is not about isolated acts of sin, but about a hardened heart that continually refuses God’s offer of salvation. While it is a serious warning, believers can be assured that anyone who is concerned about committing this sin is likely not in danger of it. The Bible teaches that God is always ready to forgive those who genuinely repent and turn to Him.
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Vatican
The Vatican refers to the Vatican City, which is a small independent city-state located entirely within the city of Rome, Italy. It serves as the spiritual and administrative center of the Roman Catholic Church. The Vatican is both the residence of the Pope (the leader of the Catholic Church) and the governing hub of the Holy See, which is the central governing body of the Church, influencing religious, cultural, and diplomatic affairs worldwide.
Venerate / Veneration
The act of showing deep respect, honor, and reverence for a person, object, or concept that is considered holy or sacred. In Christianity, veneration is often directed toward saints, the Virgin Mary, sacred relics, and other figures or items that are believed to have a special connection to God or to have been instruments of divine grace.
It is important to distinguish veneration from worship: while worship is reserved for God alone, veneration is a way of honoring holy persons or objects as a means of acknowledging their special role in God's plan. For example, Catholics and Orthodox Christians venerate saints and relics, not as gods, but as examples of holiness and as intercessors who can pray on behalf of the faithful.
Veneration can take many forms, such as prayer, offerings, processions, and the display of religious icons or statues. The goal of veneration is to express reverence and to draw closer to God by acknowledging the holiness or significance of the one being venerated.
Venial Sin
Venial sin is a less serious type of sin that does not fully separate the person from God but still harms their relationship with Him. It can be forgiven through acts of repentance and is part of the ongoing journey of sanctification in Catholic life. Venial sin is the opposite of mortal sin.
Vexation / Vexed
In Catholicism, vexation refers to a form of spiritual harassment or inner disturbance that a person experiences, which disrupts their peace, tests their faith, or challenges their relationship with God. Vexation can occur in various forms, from ordinary temptations and emotional struggles to more intense spiritual attacks by evil spirits. It is sometimes associated with demonic influence, where a person may feel burdened by intrusive thoughts, intense frustrations, or even external challenges that seem disproportionate or unusually persistent.
Vice
A vice is a moral failing or sinful habit that opposes God’s will and disrupts one’s relationship with Him. Vice are behaviors, attitudes, or tendencies that lead a person away from righteousness and can harm both the individual and others. Commonly referenced vices include pride, greed, envy, wrath, lust, gluttony, and sloth, often called the “seven deadly sins.” Alcoholism, drug, nicotine and pornography or any other types of addictions are also viewed as vices. Vices are seen as obstacles to spiritual growth and as qualities that distort the image of God within a person. Overcoming vices is considered essential to pursuing holiness and aligning oneself with the teachings of Christ. The opposite of vice is virtue.
Vicar
A title used in various Christian denominations to refer to a representative or substitute for someone in authority, typically a priest or clergy member who acts on behalf of a higher authority. The term "vicar" comes from the Latin word vicarius, meaning "substitute" or "deputy."
Virgin Birth
The Virgin Birth is a cornerstone of Christian doctrine that teaches Jesus was miraculously conceived by the Holy Spirit in the womb of the Virgin Mary, emphasizing His divine nature, fulfilling ancient prophecy, and beginning the process of human salvation through His life and death. This belief is central to Christian teachings about Jesus' identity as both fully divine and fully human.
Virtue
A virtue is a moral excellence or quality of character that reflects the nature and teachings of Christ. Virtues are considered essential qualities that shape a Christian’s thoughts, actions, and attitudes, aligning them with God’s will and the example set by Jesus. Faith, hope, and love along with humility and patience are some of the most popular virtues. There are many more virtues as a believer continues to cultivate for spiritual growth. The opposite of virtue is vice.
Vision
The term vision often refers to a supernatural or divine revelation or experience, in which God communicates directly to an individual through vivid images, dreams, or prophetic experiences. These visions may convey spiritual truths, guidance, or foretell future events. They are considered a way for God to make His will known, often to prophets or key figures in the Bible.
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Wisdom
Wisdom in Christian theology is a divine attribute and a practical virtue that enables individuals to understand God’s will and live in a manner that reflects His truth and holiness. It is closely connected to the fear of the Lord, and Christians are encouraged to seek and grow in wisdom throughout their lives.
Works
Works are a natural expression of faith and obedience to God. While salvation is by grace alone, genuine faith leads to good works, which reflect the believer’s transformation in Christ. Works are essential for sanctification and demonstrate a life lived in gratitude for God’s grace. However, it is clear that works alone cannot save; salvation is solely by faith in Jesus Christ.
Worship
Worship in Christianity is an essential practice that encompasses praise, prayer, adoration, and submission to God. It can be personal or communal, formal or informal, but at its core, it is a response to God’s grace, holiness, and love. True worship involves not just outward acts, but an inward transformation that leads believers to offer their lives as living sacrifices in service to God. Through worship, Christians acknowledge God’s sovereignty and give glory to Him, both in this life and in eternity.
Wrath
Wrath is God’s righteous and just response to sin and disobedience. It is an essential part of God’s character, revealing His commitment to holiness, justice, and the punishment of evil. However, through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, believers are saved from God's ultimate wrath, being reconciled to Him and given the gift of eternal life. The concept of wrath highlights both the severity of sin and the mercy of God in providing a way of escape through Christ’s atonement. God's wrath is distinct from human anger. It is not capricious or vengeful but is always consistent with His holiness, justice, and righteousness.
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Yahweh
Yahweh is the central, sacred name for God in the Hebrew Bible, signifying His eternal, self-existent, and sovereign nature. It is often translated as “the LORD” in English versions of the Bible and is a name that embodies God's holiness, justice, and His covenantal relationship with His people. While traditionally not spoken aloud in Jewish tradition, it remains a central aspect of both Jewish and Christian theology, with Christians seeing the ultimate revelation of Yahweh in the person of Jesus Christ.